Welcome to Enchanting Journeys

The Middle East is a grand epic, a cradle of civilisations & a beautiful, complicated land that is home to some of the planet's most hospitable people. From the gravitas of the Sahara to the blue tiles of Isfahan, this is a region for discerning travellers, for those looking for the story behind the headline & where the bridges between ancient & modern civilisations are everywhere evident. Here, history is not something you read about in books. It was here that some of the most significant civilisations of antiquity rose & fell. It is a story written on the stones that litter the region, from the flagstones of old Roman roads to the building blocks of ancient Egypt & the delicately carved tombs & temples from Petra to Persepolis. This is where humankind first built cities & learned to write and it was from here that 3 great monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity & Islam all arose.

Its cities read like a roll-call of historical heavyweights: Jerusalem, Beirut, Cairo, İstanbul, Isfahan, Damascus & Baghdad. Aside from ranking among the oldest continuously inhabited cities on earth, these ancient-modern metropolises are places to take the pulse of a region. It is here too, that you find the stirring, aspirational architecture that so distinguishes the 3 faiths.

Salam & welcome to Islamic Republic of Iran - one of the friendliest countries on earth. the jewel in Islam's crown, combining glorious architecture with a warm-hearted welcome. Land of fire, a journey of flavours, being one of nature – so many metaphors to describe the country.

Little understood & seldom visited by Western tourists, Iran can seem opaque & enigmatic. Many preconceptions are based on its confusion with the Arab world, a fact lost on many in the West & a mistake many in Iran, with its over 2,500 years of Persian history, would probably take issue with.

An essential stop on the Silk Road, the Persian Empire stretched from Greece to India & brought its famously tolerant culture - including early medicine - to a world mired in comparative medieval backwardness. Today's Iran is still a place of bustling bazaars, glorious architecture & mountain villages with a young, friendly & open population. As long as you are not too attached to that glass of wine (curiously, Shiraz was invented here), a visit will take you beyond the rhetoric into one of the world's truly great cultures.

Arrive in the dynamic & vibrant city Tehran, one of the world’s greatest megalopolises with its chaotic charm & juxtapositions found on every street.

After you exit in the Arrival Hall at Terminal? – Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, subsequent to Immigration & Customs, you will be welcomed by The Journeys representative who will ensure your comfort & transfer you to the hotel, help you settle in & provide you with some useful tips for exploring the area as well as discuss the program for the next day.

If, for any reason you are unable to make contact with our representative within 30 minutes of waiting, please call the local Emergency telephone # listed on your Contact List. Please follow the advice given by our 24 / 7 Duty Officer. Please do not exit the Airport & make your own way to the start hotel.

Reach the centrally located hotel & Check-in.

*Rooms held from previous day to ensure immediate Check-in.

Hugging the lower slopes of the magnificent, snow-capped Alborz Mountains, Tehran is Iran’s most secular & liberal city city that attract students from across the country. Expect relatively bold fashion statements & a range of ethnic & international restaurants.

Many travellers & no small number of Tehranis will tell you there is no reason to hang around in the capital. But to take their advice is to miss out. This is the nation's dynamic beating heart & the place to get a handle on modern Iran & what its future will likely be.

The first time Tehran is mentioned in historical accounts is in an 11^th century chronicle in which it is described as a small village north of Rayy (Ragha or Ray). Rayy, often considered to be Tehran’s predecessor, became the capital city of the Seljuq Empire in the 11^th century but later declined with factional strife between different neighbourhoods & the Mongol invasion of 1220. Although, in later years Rayy continued to serve as an important centre of strategic advantage during various military campaigns across the Iranian plateau, its significance as a city was lost. Now a suburb of Tehran, Rayy is well known for its religious shrines.

In the 13^th century Tehran was a prosperous market town, known for its pomegranates, its 12 rival neighbourhoods with their underground dwellings surrounded by a band of trees & its defiance of the government.

At the time of the Zand dynasty, it was a little town that was significant from a strategic point of view. The first of the Qajar kings, Agha Mohammed Khan, named Tehran as the country's capital in 1778 & most of its growth started during the reign of a subsequent Qajar monarch, Fath-Ali Shah. The Castle which Agha Mohammed Khan had built was to contain the new majestic buildings. Even though the dynasty was in a period of decline, Tehran soon took the shape of a modern city.

In the late 19^th century, a major program of modernization transformed the capital, enlarging the urban area by several times its size. Gates, Squares & Mosques were built & it was at the time of Nassereddin Shah that the city's master sketch was prepared & modern streets were constructed. The structure of large government buildings, new streets, recreation centres, urban service organizations, academic & methodical centres were started. The city's old architectural fabric replaced by a contemporary one. Later, huge central Squares like Toopkhaneh Square (now Imam Khomeini Square) & quite a few military buildings were built. At the same time, the city's population doubled & now total 14 million.

The new urban structure resulted in a north-south divide, separating the rich from the poor & modern from traditional, establishing a new character for the city. The northern districts are more prosperous, modern, cosmopolitan & expensive while southern parts are less attractive but cheaper.

In addition to Persians, there is a large population of Azeris in Tehran, as well as other ethnicities including Armenian, Assyrian, Kurdish, Jewish & Zoroastrian communities. The majority of Tehran's residents speak Persian.

Tehran has also earned itself the rather unenviable reputation as a smog-filled, traffic-clogged, featureless sprawl of concrete. But you can also find an endless number of nice & cozy places in & around the city - if you know where to look. The city is dotted with Mosques, Churches, Synagogues & Zoroastrian Fire Temples, Art Centers, Palace complexes, Cultural Centers & serene Gardens & well-kept  serene Gardens & Parks, more than 800 of them.

And while Tehran lacks history, it makes up for it with many impressive Museums specializing in a range of themes. If much of Iran is an open-air Museum, Tehran brings it back indoors, with a vast concentration of Artwork, Manuscripts, Jewellery, Rugs, Qurans & more sourced from across the Persian Empire. The Cinema & Contemporary Art Museums reveal the country’s continuing love affair with art in all its forms & holds works from a number of major international artists. The National Museum specializes in ancient Iranian heritage while the Carpet Museum displays masterpieces of this national craft. A great start to your holiday as you learn about Iran’s rich history before visiting the sites. 

Tehran plays a noted role in the arts. The Tehran Symphony Orchestra has performed both at home & for international audiences abroad & the Fajr International Theater Festival is held here annually. Iran’s film industry, based in Tehran, has been internationally recognized for its new realist school of cinema & its award-winning films.

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 had a distinctive cultural impact, limiting particular forms of expression while nurturing others. Within this framework, traditional arts such as Calligraphy & Music have seen a revival, with many educational institutions & Galleries involved.

Exploring this fascinating Metropolis will transport you on a journey through Iranian history - from the glittering Golestan Palace & the adjacent Grand Bazaar to the notorious former US Embassy.

Tehran’s architecture is eclectic; while many buildings reflect the international Modernist style, others display postmodern, Neoclassical & traditional Persian styles. A modern, vibrant city, its skyline is dominated by snow-capped mountains & a proliferation of high-rise buildings, topped by the beautiful 21^st century Borj-e Milad (Milad Tower) rising 435 metres above the city.  The Azadi Tower, completed in 1971, greets visitors at the western entrance to the city, which has come to symbolize the city. The unique pedestrian Tabiat (“nature”) Bridge, the largest of its kind in Iran, that connects 2 public Parks, is a modern internationally renowned architectural marvel.

With so much fascinating history on show in its Museums, Mosques & Palaces, those in charge clearly decided that Tehran needed a more “contemporary” attraction, too. Enter the world’s highest Dolphinarium, at the top of Tehran’s Milad Tower, where dolphins & sea lions perform for visitors 4 times a day to the sound of pounding Persian pop. But, we will stick with a civilisation showcasing 1,000s of year of history within history.

Tehran’s vibrancy is marked by large crowds of young people, numerous Shopping Malls, commercial streets, fast-food outlets, an expanding network of highways & bustling public Squares. The city mixes tradition with modernity & religious imagery with secular lifestyles, as evident in the large roadside hoardings that display revolutionary religious iconography standing alongside those advertising consumer goods.

With its relatively short history, ugly mask of concrete, sometimes choking smog & manic streets flowing hot with machines, many travellers & no small number of Tehranis will tell you there is no reason to hang around in the capital. But to take their advice is to miss out. For while Isfahan or Persepolis has a convincing case for being the soul of Iran, Tehran is indisputably its big, ugly, chaotic & dynamic beating heart & the place to get a handle on modern Iran & what its future will likely be.

Spend time here - as you should - and you will soon realise that the city is so much more than a chaotic jumble of concrete & crazy traffic blanketed by a miasma of air pollution.

But to get inside the real Tehran you need to get beyond the Museums & into the contemporary chic Cafes & traditional Teahouses, plenty of Art Galleries & on the walking trails in the mountains. That is where you will connect with Tehranis & enjoy all that is good about Tehran.

No services are envisaged for this evening.

However, if time permits & you wish to explore independently, let us know (we shall be only too happy to offer suggestions).

Overnight.    

Morning, Check-out & meet your Tour-guide in the lobby at 08.30 am to proceed for a 6 hour sightseeing tour of the city.

Visit a selection of carefully-chosen highlights, from the remarkable buildings featuring some of the most stunning architecture to be found anywhere & concentrating on its excellent museums.

First stop will be at the Golestan Palace complex.

Located between Imam Khomeini Square & the bazaar, the Palace complex is made up of several grand buildings set around a carefully manicured garden. In what was once the heart of Tehran is this monument to the glories & excesses of the Qajar rulers. Although there was a Safavid-era Citadel on this site, it was Nasser al-Din Shah (ruled 1848 - 96), impressed by what he had seen of European Palaces, who built it into the ‘Palace of Flowers’. Originally it was much bigger, with inner & outer sections to encompass Offices, Ministries & private living quarters, but several surrounding buildings were pulled down under the Pahlavis.

Walk around the courtyard & along the long pool to Ivan-e Takht-e Marmar - a mirrored, open-fronted Audience Hall dominated by a magnificent Throne, supported by human figures & constructed from 65 pieces of yellow alabaster mined in Yazd. It was made in the early 1800s for Fath Ali Shah (ruled 1797 - 1834), a Monarch who supposedly managed a staggering (& quite likely very tiring) 200 odd wives & 170 offspring. This Hall was used on ceremonial occasions, including the Napoleon-style self-coronation of Reza Shah in 1925.

Then, walk outside to the open-sided corner known as Khalvat-e Karim Khani (Karim Khan Nook), all that remains of a 1759 building that served as Karim Khan Zand’s 17^th century Tehran residence

The Complex boasts several Museums that you might be able to see depending on the available time.

Negar Khane (Art Gallery) displays a fine collection of Qajar-era art & it was the brainchild of Nasser al-Din Shah, who had been particularly captivated by European Museums. Especially interesting are the portraits of the Shahs wearing the jewels & crowns that you can see in the National Jewels Museum (which you will visit), and pictures of everyday life in 19^th century Iran.

The dazzling Talar-e Ayaheh (Hall of Mirrors) Museum, closed for almost 30 years, is now open to the public. Built between 1874 & 1877, the Hall was dedicated to the Peacock Throne before it was moved to the National Jewels Museum. More recently it was used for the coronation of Mohammad Reza Shah in 1967 (25 years after he came to power) & royal weddings. Today, it houses gifts received by the Shahs, including a large green malachite Vase from Russia & 13 huge Chandeliers.

Further down, is the Howze Khaneh (Pool Room), named for the small pool & fountain in its centre. It houses a collection of paintings & sculptures of 19^th century European royalty - generously given to their Qajar counterparts by the same European Monarchs.

At the east end of the garden, the imposing Shams-Al Emarat (Edifice of the Sun) blends European & Persian architectural traditions. Inside, a sequence of mirrored & tiled rooms house a collection of photographs, together with yet more furniture & Vases gifted by European monarchs.

Next door you will see four soaring Badgirs (wind towers, used for air-conditioning), rising above the recently restored Emarat-e Badgir, first erected in the reign of Fath Ali Shah. The interior has typically ostentatious mirror work & is worth a quick look. In the basement, the Aks Khaneh (Historic Photograph Gallery) exhibits a fascinating collection of photographs depicting Qajar court life; look particularly for the picture showing the inside of a Zoroastrian Tower of Silence, with bodies in varying states of decay & the shot of ‘freaks & dwarfs’.

Next up, the tiny Talar-e Almas (Diamond Hall) displays a range of decorative arts - especially 18^th & 19^th century French ceramics - in a room with red walls & a tiled floor. The attractive Teahouse underneath might well be more appealing.

After wandering back through the gardens you’ll come to the Ethnographical Museum near the main entrance, featuring a range of mannequins in traditional ethnic costumes.

The Palace tour finishes & you will walk out into the bustling ‘real world’ vibrant Bazaar & continue on to the National Jewels Museum which houses royal jewelry & historical objects from ancient periods to modern times,

Owned by the Central Bank & accessed through its front doors, the cavernous vault displays an impressive collection of some of the most famous & spectacular jewels in the world including many priceless pieces. Many pieces have disappeared over the years but the remaining collection of gemstones, jewelry, royal emblems, ornamental guns & jewel-encrusted furniture is still impressive.

All over the world, from ancient times to the present, jewelry has been collected to be both a display of power & to enrich the Treasury of Kings & governments. The Safavid, Qajar & Pahlavi Monarchs adorned themselves & their belongings with an astounding range of priceless gems & precious metals, making this collection of bling quite literally jaw-dropping. During the Safavid period, Kings sent Ambassadors to neighboring countries to buy, collect & preserve existing & newly purchased jewelry.

During the 19^th century Qajar period, jewelry design was supported & developed for the first time. Iranian & Armenian designers & jewel makers were invited to the Court & tasked with designing & creating a Collection of exquisite gifts & the precise classification of government Treasury jewelry started. The unique & valuable objects that exist today are a mixed collection of the history & art of Persia.

On display is an impressive collection of some of the most famous & spectacular jewels in the world including many priceless pieces. The majority of the items were given to Safavid Kings as gifts but many pieces were brought by Nader Shah from his conquest of India. These include the Darya-e Nur Diamond & the Jeweled Globe. Other pieces include the Crowns of the Qajar & Pahlavi Kings. Many pieces have disappeared over the years but the remaining collection of gemstones, jewelry, royal emblems, ornamental guns & jewel-encrusted furniture is still impressive. Neyshabour turquoise & the Persian Gulf pearls were gradually added to the precious collections.

The huge Peacock Throne built in 1798 by the order of Fath Ali Shah. is adorned with 26,733 gems, including an extravagant carved sun on the top of the throne studded with precious diamonds. Hence, it was originally called the Throne of the Sun. Later Fath Ali Shah married a lady named Tavoos Taj al-Dawlah & to mark the occasion in her honor, the Throne became known as the Peacock Throne (Takht-e Tavoos). Some evidence also suggests this was the Throne of the Mughal King Shah-i Jahan of India, which was brought to Persia by Nadir Shah Afshar, the King of Persia (1736 - 47) who invaded the Mughal Empire of India with a huge army, eventually attacking & looting Delhi in March 1739.

Another special object on display, is Nader Shah’s Shield, 46 cm in diameter, which he used in various wars. Initially, it was just a simple cover but later, like the Sword on display, it was ornamented by the order of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. In the center of this Shield covered with rhino skin, you will see one of the largest Rubies in the world, weighing 225 carats, surrounded by Emeralds, Rubies & Diamonds.

After spending 2 hours in the Jewellery Museum, drive on to the next spot.

In between, enjoy lunch in one of the city Restaurants.

If time permits, you may stroll around Sadabad Cultural Complex sprawling across the foothills of Darband, covering 110 hectares & comprising 18 separate buildings, The Complex is located in what used to be the royals’ Winter Palace since the Qajar dynasty, although it was the Pahlavis who expanded it to the site you see today.

It houses several Museums, though not all of them are open at the same time; the ones that are, provide a glimpse into the lifestyle of the Reza Shah Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. For a glimpse into the luxurious life of the Shahs, see the extravagant 54 room White Palace, built in the 1930s. The more classical-looking Green Palace dates from the end of the Qajar era. The eclectic well-curated Nations Fine Art Museum is found in the basement of the White Palace. There are also Exhibitions covering royal vehicles, military paraphernalia, royal costumes & even royal tableware.

Bridges have always been close to the heart of Iranian identity. Isfahan, a top tourist destination & a former capital of Persia, boasts 2 spectacular Bridges from the 16^th century Safavid dynasty when the city was at the centre of Islamic art & culture.

But Tehran boasts the modern architectural marvel - the Tabiat (“nature”) Bridge, the largest of its kind in Iran & reminiscent of Isfahan’s Siosepol, whose name means ‘Bridge of 33 Arches’, & Khaju Bridge, which are a place for public meetings, poetry reading & traditional tea houses.

Architect Leila Araghian was 26 when she came up with Tabiat Bridge which she designed while she was a student, winning a local competition for a plan to connect 2 Parks separated by a highway in north Tehran. Her first Project, 5 years on, the 270 metres structure was a reality, despite sanctions, garnering awards & paving the way for a new, more avant-garde generation of Iranian designers. So, it is no surprise that a new hi-tech award-winning structure has appeared in the Iranian capital. It was recently named among the winners of the Architizer A+ awards, an internationally acclaimed global Architectural competition based in New York.

It was built over 2 years & was unveiled in late 2014. It is easy to see why this multi-level, sculptural pedestrian Bridge has been a huge hit with locals & is a popular place for hangouts & morning sports as thousands flock to the Bridge. It is a fun space to relax & in good weather, provides superb views of the north Tehran skyline against the Alborz Mountains.

Supported by 3 large pillars, the 270 metres curved structure has broad Entrances, multiple Pathways & 3 floors of restaurants, cafes & sitting areas. The walkway connects Park-e Taleghani & Park-e Abo-Atash, spanning over the busy Modarres Expwy, one of the main highways in northern Tehran. Not being a commercial Bridge connecting 2 points to which people are used to, there are multiple points from one side which connect various points on the other.

Spend an hour strolling around or enjoying Tea in one of the Cafes on the 3^rd floor.

In time, return to the hotel.

Balance of the evening is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around).

Overnight.  B D 

In time, you would be transferred to the Terminal? - Tehran Mehrabad Airport to board your flight to Kerman.

Arrive in vibrant Kerman, among several cities in Iran with a strong cultural heritage, which is expressed in the local accent, ancient poetry, local music, handicrafts & customs that the city has introduced to the world.

On arrival at Terminal? - Kerman Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani International Airport, you will be welcomed by a Journeys representative who will ensure your comfort & transfer you to the hotel. He / she will provide assistance during Check-in & also discuss the program for the next few days.

If, for any reason you are unable to make contact with our representative within 30 minutes of waiting, please call the local Emergency telephone # listed on your Contact List. Please follow the advice given by our 24 / 7 Duty Officer. Please do not exit the Airport & make your own way to the start hotel.

Reach the hotel, Check-in & relax for an hour.

*Check-in time is 02.00 pm. For earlier arrivals in the morning, we will request the hotel for a complimentary early Check-in but cannot be guaranteed unless reserved & paid for ‘immediate occupancy’.

While central Iran's gem cities are deservedly a far bigger draw, the southeast offers Cave-houses, classic Gardens, Fortresses, deserted villages, oases & fabulous erosion patterns all set in scenery that intersperses great expanses of desert with chains of high mountains.

One of the most important cities in the southeast of Iran, Kerman, known in ancient times as the Satrapy of Carmania, is the largest & most developed city in Kerman Province. Famous for its long history & strong cultural heritage, the city is home to many historic Mosques & Zoroastrian Fire Temples.

Situated on a large, flat plain 800 km south-east of Tehran, on an important Asian trade route, it was ruled by a succession of dynasties including the Arabs, the Buyids, the Seljuq's, the Turks & the Mongols and consequently, became the capital city of Iranian dynasties several times during its history. However, the remoteness of Kerman resulted in the town remaining without much wealth through the centuries.

Kerman was founded as a defensive outpost, with the name Veh-Ardashir, by Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire, in the 3^rd century AD. After the Battle of Nahavand in 642, the city came under Muslim rule.  At first the city's relative isolation allowed Kharijites & Zoroastrians to thrive there, but the Kharijites were wiped out in 698 & the population was mostly Muslim by 725.

By 8^th century, the city was famous on the Silk Route, for its manufacture of cashmere wool shawls & other textiles.

The Abbasid Caliphate's authority over the region was weak & power passed in the 10^th century to the Buyid dynasty, which maintained control even when the region & city fell to Mahmud of Ghazni in the late 10^th century. The name Kerman was adopted at some point in the 10^th century. Under the rule of the Seljuq Turks in the 11^th & 12^th centuries, Kerman remained virtually independent, conquering Oman & Fars.

When Marco Polo visited Kerman in 1271, it had already become a major trade route linking the Persian Gulf with Khorasan & Central Asia.  Subsequently however, the city was sacked many times by various invaders. Kerman expanded rapidly during the Safavid dynasty. Carpets & rugs were exported to England & Germany during this period.

In 1793, Lotf Ali Khan defeated the Qajars & in 1794 captured Kerman. But soon after city fell to the very cruel despot Agha Mohammad Khan who, angered by the popular support that the defeated Lotf Ali Khan had received, had many of the male inhabitants killed or blinded. Legend has it that a pile made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs, was presented to the victorious Agha Khan, by his equally violent Generals. Many women & children were sold into slavery & in 90 days, the city was turned into ruins.

The present city of Kerman was rebuilt in the 19^th century to the northwest of the old city, but the city did not regain its former size until the 20^th century.

Currently, the city is the largest carpet producing & exporting center in Iran & is also a large producer of pistachios. Kerman is also on the recent list of the world's 1,000 cleanest cities.

The only Anthropology Museum of Zoroastrians in the world, which showcases the ancient history of Zoroastrians, is in Kerman's Fire Temple. The idea of launching the Museum along with the Library of Kerman's Zoroastrian Society came to light in 1983, when the head of the Society, Parviz Vakhashouri & the former head of the Library, Mehran Gheibi, built up a Collection of cultural heritage artifacts of Kerman's Zoroastrian community

The Museum was officially inaugurated during Jashn-e Tirgan (an ancient Iranian Rain Festival observed on July 1) in 2005 by Iran's Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts & Tourism Organization (ICHHTO). Jashn-e Tirgan or Tiregan festivity refers to archangel Tir (literally meaning arrow) or Tishtar (lightning), who appear in the sky to generate thunder & lightning for providing much needed rain.

Some of the Kerman handicrafts & souvenirs, are traditional embroidery known as Pateh, Carpets, Rugs, Jajeems, Kilims (a coarse carpet), Satchels & other hand-woven articles. Caraway seeds & Pistachio of Rafsanjan & Kerman are also synonymous with this province.

Also, the archeological ancient areas of Jiroft & Tappe Yahya Baft are located south of Kerman. Rayen Castle is also located in the vicinity.

Later in the afternoon, meet your Tour-guide in the Lobby at the pre-arranged time & proceed for a visit to the city’s highlights.

The Bazaar-e-Bozorg (Grand Bazaar) of Kerman lies between the Arq & Moshtaqiyeh Squares. The Bazaar comprises of various rows or alleys such as Arg, Ganj Ali Khan, Ekhtiyari, Sardari, Vakil, Attari, Qadam Gah & Mozaffari rows.

Walk to Bazar-e Sartasari, one of the oldest trading centres in Iran. Its main thoroughfare covered with classic vaulting stretches 1200 metres from Tohid Square to Shohada Square, is made up of 4 smaller Bazaars & with several Caravanserai courtyards off to the north. Within are several Museums, Bathhouses & religious structures.

It is, however, easy enough to navigate & has a vivacity that should keep you interested, especially in the morning & late afternoon.

Starting at Tohid Square, the first section is the Bazar-e Ganj Ali Khan, built in the 17^th century for local Governor Ganj Ali Khan, which opens into a courtyard with lawns, also featuring what was once Kerman’s most important Hamam.

On the north side of the Courtyard is the photogenic Bazar-e Mesgari Shomali (Coppersmith’s Bazaar) & at the Square’s northeastern end is Masjed-e Ganj Ali Khan, the Governor’s lavishly decorated private Mosque. Next door, Golshan Caravanserai has recently been restored & is now home to a bunch of antique bric-a-brac stores. There is an unusual little Money Museum here, interesting for its tall Wind Tower & Coin Collection.

From the northeastern corner of the Square, the Bazar-e Zargaran (Gold Bazaar) leads to a small Square with an attractive portal into an old (& now closed) Madraseh (school). The jewellery shops of the Bazaar spill into a couple of old Caravanserai yards. There was another Bath-house here - Hamam-e Ebrahim Khan - which is being restored.

From Ganj Ali Khan Square, the main Bazaar continues east as Bazar-e Ekhtiari & passes another 150 year old non-functional Bath-house, Hamam-e Vakil Chaykhaneh,

After about 600 metres from where the covered Bazaar ends, there is the 700 year old more down-market section of open-air stalls, called Bazar-e Mosaffari with vendors selling fruit & sundry stuff from tables & crowded storefronts. There is a small Masjed-e Jameh (Jameh Mosque) here, which you can enter.

You will stop to explore Hamam - e Ganj Ali Khan. Built in the Safavid period, this courtyard is home to what was once Kerman’s most important Hammam, now restored & transformed into a Museum.

Wonderful frescoes adorn the walls & wax dummies illustrate the workings of a traditional Bathhouse. The Reception Area, for example, was divided so men practising different trades could all disrobe together. Signage is a little garbled ('AD' dates actually refer to Persian Calendar years) but gives an idea of each Chamber's purpose. Look for the ‘time stones’ at the east & west ends of the Hammam; translucent, 10cm thick alabaster Panels & Doorways that glow mysteriously when struck by low sunlight filtering through the skylights, giving bathers a rough idea of the time (at least around sunrise or sunset) according to how light it was outside.

Visitors who don't want to pay to go in, can admire the quirky, century-old figures painted onto the much older Safavid portal. There is also a display case of antique washing utensils in the Entrance Hall.

The 4 hour sightseeing concludes & you return to the hotel.

Balance of the evening is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration or perhaps an optional activity (we shall be happy to offer suggestions & make arrangements).

Overnight.  B D

Morning at 07:00 am, proceed for a full day 8 hour excursion to see the archeological wonders in the vicinity.

Drive to the medieval mudbrick city of Rayen in Kerman County, with 10,000 inhabitants, one of the most interesting sites in Iran with notable historical events. Rayen displays all the architectural elements of a deserted Citadel & is extremely well preserved, despite numerous natural disasters that have destroyed similar adobe structures nearby. With a Waterfall, several Thermal Springs, Fruit Gardens, green & pink Marble & Sodium Sulphate Mines, the city has become an attractive tourist destination.

According to the old documents, it was situated on the trade route & many Caravans used to stop here & re-energise before continuing on the Silk Road. One of the main Trading Centre for valuable goods & quality Textiles. It was also a centre of Sword & Knife manufacturing & later on, also Guns.

This amazing Castle existed during the reign of Yazdgerd III, the Sasanid King & during an invasion, Arabs could not conquer this city due to its high walls. During the reign of Nader Shah Afshar, this Citadel was owned by one of his Commanders.

Built entirely of raw clay, Arg-e Rayen, one of Iran's most impressive fortress-citadels, is a miniature version of the majestic Arg-e-Bam (partially destroyed by the earthquake in late 2003, under restoration), with all the architectural features of a desert Citadel dating back to the 5^th century, is located here.

The Arg's vast adobe walls top a gentle slope directly south of central Rayen. Inside is a Castle within a Castle. Some sections are completely ruined but wandering through the extensively restored Governor's quarters, it is easy to imagine the trepidation that supplicants must have once felt approaching the powerful local Ruler through dark passages & hidden inner courtyards. Superb views from the battlements above the Gatehouse reveal a backdrop of 4420 metre Mt Hezar.

The exact age of the mud & brick Arg is unknown, though it is thought to be well over 1000 years old & may have foundations from the pre-Islamic Sassanid era. Until restoration in 1996, it had been essentially abandoned for about 150 years. With an area of 40,000 sq metre, the Citadel had been functioning as a small city with about 5,000 people living there. But then the Citadel gradually became desolated & the houses were destroyed.

Like all Citadels in Iran, Arg-e Rayen has 2 separate parts for the rich & regular folks, with sections such as the Zurkhaneh (a traditional Iranian gym originally used to train warriors in ancient Iran), the School, the Barracks, the Mosque, the Cellar & the Stables. The various social classes lived in different neighborhoods depending on their occupation & economic & social status.  An illustration of the ingenuity of the Ruler, to ensure the health of its residents, the Citadel also had a Quarantine building, intended to quarantine newcomers so that the sick people would not be able to get inside.

To keep Rayen safe, the Citadel had 4 Watchtowers built around it, as well as artificial ditches protecting the south part of Citadel from enemies. Entry Points to control people’s entry & exit, were monitored by the Guards.

Walking down the alleys of the great Arg, you can still smell the clay & dirt from its walls & imagine yourself as a resident of a 1500 year old Citadel which remain unconquered by any King or Army in history.

After spending 2 hours here, drive on to the next point on your way back to the Kerman.

Enroute, stop at Mahan, capital of Mahan District, is one of the summer regions of in Kerman County, with a relatively abundant springs & streams. Mahan is considered the producer of the best grape in Kerman & has many pomegranate orchards.

Mahan is believed to have been named after the Persian General Adarmahan, who led the troops of Anushirawan the Just (496-579) on the western frontier of the Sassanid Empire (226-651 CE) against the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) (330 - 1204) during the 572 – 591 Byzantine–Sassanid War .

Mahan is known as the city of Gardens & Caravanserais and is famed for its UNESCO World Heritage listed 19^th century Qajar-period Garden-house, Bagh-e Shahzadeh or Shahzadeh Garden (Prince’s Garden in the Persian language), a masterpiece of Persian architecture.

Built in the late Qajar era (1785 - 1925) by the then Governor of Kerman, Mohammad Hassan Khan Sardari Iravani, just outside Mahan, it is an oasis in the heart of desert. It was entirely remodeled & extended around 1870 by Abdul Hamid Mirza, one of the last princes of the Qajar dynasty, who lived in the Mansion inside the Garden, during the 11 years of his Governorship.

Separated from its surrounding desert with high walls, this historical Garden enjoys a fresh weather, a breathtaking view, a harmonious design & a genius water system.

The traditional Persian entrance with lovely tiling, disconnects you from the dry & sandy world outside & welcomes you to the world of architectural beauty inside. But the fascinating view of the green world that opens before you, might distract you from the fine muqarnas decorations on the ceiling of the entrance building.

Like the other 8 Persian Gardens listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, Shahzadeh Garden is also a fine example of Persian Gardens that take advantage of suitable natural climate.

This 5.5 hectare rectangular walled lush Garden is filled with fruit, shade & windbreak trees. It consists of an entrance gate at the lower end & a 2 floor Mansion at the upper end which now houses a Handicraft Shop, Restaurant & a Teahouse, which looks very charming when floodlit.

The distance between these 2 structures is ornamented with beautiful Fountains that are cleverly inclined to make use of the water flowing from the heights of the nearby Tigran Valley toward lower ends on a water cascade style. The Garden is divided into 4 sections & has a natural slope that leads water downward when the snow melts in the mountains. Water flows to the upper part of the Garden & divides into channels that direct it to different parts. It is not just the Plants & Fountains that enjoy this traditional water distribution system. With lovely trees, parallel pathways & running streams, splashing Fountains, visitors find it enchanting.

One of the things that make Bagh-e Shahzade different from other Persian Gardens is that it is behind the main Pavilion, which provided the Owners with a beautiful design & a more private atmosphere.

There is also a Bath-house & many Pools in the Garden that is sheltered with a variety of trees including Pines, Cypresses, Poplars, Cedars, wild Elms & fruit trees.

Check out the Villa before strolling in the delightful Garden.

After spending an hour, drive on to see the Qajar era Shotor Galu Mansion (Camel’s Neck).

The impressive Mansion in the east of Mahan town, lies on the route of Vakil Abad Aqueduct, one of the most spectacular historical relics of Qajar dynasty, considered as one of the unique architecture attractions of Iran’s south east.

In the past, in order to maintain the safety of Gardens & Houses in the route of Aqueducts & Springs, the entry & exit of water was designed in a way that no live creature could enter it. Consequently, a channel with an obtuse angle shape was built under the walls of the houses, so that water could go down from the higher side with a suitable height & come out on the other side according to the relevant plates & since these channels look like the neck of a camel, such a construction is called “Shotor Galu.

And in most cases, under the influence of the creativity of the Iranian Architects, beautiful pools, fountains & waterworks were created through using the same method in the houses of royalties & Rulers, so that Cedar & Pine trees & 4 seasonal flowers & also fruit trees could create a pleasurable & refreshing space inside the complex.

There is a beautiful Pool in the middle of the Mansion with a high, dome-like ceiling with stalactite work. A unique feature is a big Fountain that appears to produce the sound of a camel caravan passing by, when water flows through its fountain.

Drive to perhaps, the most famous of Mahan’s monuments.

Stop at the blue-tiled Mausoleum of the renowned 14^th century Iranian Sufi mystic & Poet - Shah Nematollah-e-Vali who died in 1431, aged over 100.  

The Shrine erected in 1436 in his honor, has became a pilgrimage site, that attracts countless visitors every year, with successive Rulers contributing various additions over the centuries. The historical Complex comprises 4 Courtyards, ancient wooden Doors, a reflecting Pool, a Mosque & twin Minarets covered with turquoise tiles from the bottom up to the Cupola.

The earliest construction is attributed to the Bahmanid Ruler Ahmed I Vali who erected the Sanctuary Chamber in 1436. Shah Abbas I undertook extensions & renovations in 1601, including reconstruction of the blue tiled dome, described as "one of the most magnificent architectural masterpieces in old Persia".

The small room where Nematollah Vali prayed & meditated contains plasterwork & tile decorations.

The day ends & you return to the hotel.

Balance of the evening is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around).

Overnight.  B D

Early morning, Check-out & drive around for a last look at the city of Kerman before departing for Yazd.

Talking about Kerman, the more prominent Arg-e Rayen pops up. But, the city has many more historical attractions to look at. One of the less known but no less significant is the Gonbad-e Jabaliye or "Mountain of Stone", one of the most impressive monuments of southern Iran & also one of the most puzzling. This hefty octagonal structure of mysterious provenance sits amongst arid crags that abruptly mark the city's eastern edge.

Neither its date nor its use can be determined. There are a few old books dating back to 1519 to 1532 where the Authors mentions about is historical Dome in Iran.  An English General, Writer & Geographer named Sir Percy Sykes in one of his books, The History Of Persia, describes the monument - “As you pass the Cemetery, you will see an octagonal stone building with a dome in the shape of 2 Crescents, with a diameter of 18 feet inside & 18 feet on each side, the tip of which is brick & the end of which is a circle. This stone building is called Jabaliyeh”.

Some Historians have determined that it pre-dates the 2^nd century AD & may have been an Observatory or a Tomb or a Zoroastrian building. Evidence supporting this theory are the several Fire Temples located further along the road. Whatever its function, this small double-domed structure was constructed in an octagonal shape using stone rather than the more usual brick.

It is an 18 meter tall building has 8 doors on each side (7 of them are blocked to keep the monument stronger). Narratives say instead of water they have used eggs, camel milk & ash to put up the building to increase its strength. The interior is very simple & has no special decorations. And only in the upper part, there are 16 sharp arches to turn the octagon into a circle on the stem of the Dome. There are also gables here as well. And they are almost the only decoration of this building. It seems that there was even stucco work inside the Dome, which was also destroyed.

Today it houses Kerman Stone Museum, originally known as the “Treasure of Jabaliya (Historical Inscriptions)”, a Collection of more than 100 pieces of carved stone inscriptions, including gravestones, that belong to different historical periods.

Displays feature Khajeh Atabak’s tombstone related to the Seljuk period (1037 - 1194). The inscription engraved on a natural stone piece in Kufic script known as the Millennial Stone of Abdar Ashkan Rabar Mosque, is one of the oldest inscriptions in the Museum. The smallest Tombstone discovered in Kerman province in 1998 by a farmer, features an inscription on a 26 by 22 cm Stone divided in 2 parts - a border strip containing Quranic verses & the middle text includes the name of the deceased & year of death. It was tombstone for Mirza Agha Khan, son of Mirza Ahmad Ali Khan Vaziri, the writer of Kerman’s history.

Across the ring road from the Tower, Shohada St continues east through a large Park towards the eye-catching new Saheb Zaman Mosque. (Be careful not to photograph the neighbouring Army Base!)

Spend an hour here & continue on to Yazd, passing through many areas of Pistachio orchards & the town of Rafsanjani, home of the ex-President of Iran, whose family owns a vast farm estate here.

Arrive at the hotel in Yazd by afternoon & Check-in.

Balance of the day is at leisure to relax or independent exploration (we will be happy to offer suggestions & arrange for Optional activities).

Every inch a city of the desert originally settled 5,000 years ago with an interesting mix of people. The city’s first mention in historic records predate it back to around 3000 years B.C. when it was known by the name of Ysatis, part of the domain of Medes, an ancient settler of Iran. Marco Polo visited Yazd on his way to China & called it the "good & noble city of Yazd".

Located on a flat plain ringed by mountains in the heart of Iran, between the northern Dasht-e Kavir & southern Dasht-e Lut, UNESCO World Heritage listed Yazd was a major stop, known for its silks & other fabrics, on the international caravan routes to Central Asia & India.

With its winding lanes, forest of Badgirs, mud-brick old town, UNESCO World Heritage listed Yazd is one of the highlights of any trip to Iran. This is a place to wander & get lost in the maze of historic streets and lanes, not to mention your imagination. Yazd has been known for its silks & other fabrics and is also home to Iran’s 2^nd largest population of Zoroastrians. It’s also an ideal base for day trips to several evocative villages & towns.

The city’s first mention in historic records predate it back to around 3,000 years B.C. when it was known by the name of Ysatis, part of the domain of Medes, an ancient settler of Iran.

Isolated from any approach by a huge tract of monotonous Desert, the vibrancy of Yazd is invariably a surprise, indeed. Amidst the immense Desert, it retains its sterling of old in religion, traditions & architecture. During the invasion of Genghis Khan in the early 1200’s A.D. it became a safe haven & home for many Artists, Intellectuals & Scientists fleeing their war ravaged cities around Persia.

Amidst the immense desert, it retains its sterling of old in religion, traditions & architecture. For a brief period, Yazd was the Capital of Atabakan & Mozaffarid dynasties (14^th century A.D.). During Qajar Dynasty (18^th century A.D.) it was ruled by the Bakhtiari Khans.

The ancient & historic city is also a centre of ancient Zoroastrianism, considered the world's 1^st  monotheistic religion. Seeking refuge from the invading Arabs, the Zoroastrians found a safe haven within the city’s fortified walls. Home to Iran’s 2^nd largest population following the ancient religion, more than 10%, there is an elegant Ateshkadeh (Fire Temple) near the city centre that shelters an eternal flame kept alive through centuries.

In the course of history, due to its distance from important Capitals & its harsh natural surrounding, Yazd remained immune to major troops' movements & destruction from wars, therefore it kept many of its traditions, city forms & ancient architecture until recently. The city has miraculously escaped the grabby hands of modernization & refurbishment throughout all these years & the geographical features of this region have encouraged the locals to develop special architectural styles that has kept its adobe architecture surprisingly intact.

Consequently, most of the older houses are built of mud-bricks with sun-baked domed roofs. The mud bricks served as insulation preventing heat from passing through.

It may not have the big-ticket sights of Isfahan or Shiraz, but, with its atmospheric alleyways & centuries of history, it exceeds both in its capacity to enchant & may be intriguing for travelers to know that the city itself is among the most popular tourist attractions of all Iran. The exceptionally traditional & dated architecture as well as its residents’ conservative lifestyle can be a reason.

The Water Channels & Qanats in this city, along with its aged (yet still functional) Badgir (or Wind Catcher or Wind Tower) - a unique Ventilation System on the roof is a distinctive feature of the architecture of this city & is an ingenious way to maintain natural air-conditioning, to make the houses cooler during the hot summer days. Visiting one of these Badgirs will show how the slatted Wind Tower capture the slightest desert breeze, drawing it down to the lower level inside the house where the incoming air is cooled by passing over a small pool of water, before being circulated inside the entire house. Enormous domes starting at ground level would act as protective roofs for deep water-tanks built 6 metres below street level (access to these tanks was by steep staircases). These Wind Towers are seen all over Iran but are most highly developed in Yazd.

This region has been considered as one of the main historical paths of Iran & has always been given due importance by the governments. Yazd’s well-preserved Old Town, with winding lanes, distinctive Badgirs, dotted around the skyline & numerous historical sites, makes Yazd essential to any journey to Iran.

For a brief period, Yazd was the capital of Atabakan & Mozaffarid Dynasties (14^th century A.D.). During Qajar Dynasty (18^th century A.D.) it was ruled by the Bakhtiari Khans. This region has been considered as one of the main historical paths of Iran & has always been given due importance by the governments.

It is the first raw adobe city & the 2^nd historical city in the world after Venice in Italy. Yazd is a city of different cultures & religions with all inhabitants co-existing peacefully & harmoniously. It is known by various names - the “City of Windcatchers”, “Bride of the Desert”, “Dar al Elm”, “City of Bicycles” & “ City of Sweets”.

It enjoys an official ‘sister city’ status with Homs in Syria, Jaszbereny in Hungary, Nizwa in Oman, Jakarta in Indonesia, Holguin in Cuba & Yeosu in South Korea.

Yazd is famous for its various handicrafts. Always known for the quality of its Carpets, Silk & Cashmere, the city is one of Iran's industrial centers for Textiles. Termeh, a lavish hand-woven cloth synonymous with the city, can only be produced by the traditional hereditary Masters of the craft & requires good-quality wool with long fibers. The final product is a beautiful densely woven cloth with great longevity & comes in many colors & designs. Other handicraft items being produced here are Copper items, Gold & Silver Jewellery, Ceramics.

Yazd is also famed for its unique Sweets & Confectionery. Qottab, baklava, cotton candy, noghl & sohan are just some of these sweets that come in various shapes & sizes.

Like other cities of Iran, it has both traditional Bazaars & modern Shopping Centers. We recommend the traditional Bazaars where guests can enjoy the great architecture as well as buy Souvenirs.

Yazd warrants a lazy approach - rambling around the maze of historic lanes (referred to locally as Yazd's 'historical texture'), popping into random Tea-houses or pausing to work out calligraphic puzzles in the city's exquisite tilework.

With its winding lanes, forest of Badgirs & well preserved thatched (mud, straw, brick) houses with Persian architecture, in the old town, it is a 'don't miss' destination. Yazd is a fascinating place to wander around, being one of the best preserved mud brick old towns in the near East. Stroll along / around the maze-like streets & visit the impressive Amir Chakhmaq Complex, the Jameh Mosque, Water Musuem & the 'Towers of Silence'.

Overnight.  B D

Morning, meet the Tour-guide in the Lobby at 08.00 am & proceed for a full day sightseeing tour of this UNESCO World Heritage listed ancient city.

Yazd is one of the most ancient towns on Earth. With a unique Iranian architecture, the Old Town is a mesmerizing labyrinth, with winding streets that are extraordinarily well preserved; some say that this is one of the oldest continually-inhabited cities in the world. The architecture here is perhaps the most traditionally Persian to be found, preserved by the dry climate & spared the devastations of the Mongols. It is like a phoenix poking out in a baked-brown desert, in a labyrinth of lanes.

As UNESCO states it, it is the best place to get a feeling for the region’s rich history. Everything in the city is made from sun-dried bricks & the brown skyline - result of the sun-dried mud color, is dominated by tall Badgirs that can be seen on nearly every rooftop.The residential parts of this city seem deserted as the high walls shield the houses in the narrow lanes (kuches) zigzagging the town.

If you take time to wander around the town you will definitely discover simple courtyards, ornate wooden doors & other lovely adobe architecture patterns. Meanwhile, you will be welcomed by numerous children eager to help you out of the maze. To get some fine views, try getting to the rooftops at some point & you will be able to admire vast brown expanses of the desert.

First stop will be Friday Mosque.

Masjed-e Jame (also known as Friday Mosque) is one of the most splendid attractions in Yazd with its unique architecture featuring Pishtaq (tall entry portals)

The Mosque is witness to Iran’s past wonderful architects with astonishingly perfect knowledge & expertise seen in the masterpieces of Persian & Islamic architecture in this city of mud bricks. Crowned by a pair of lofty Minarets, the highest in Iran & the portals facade decorated from top to bottom in dazzling predominantly blue color tile work, is a particularly fine example of Islamic architecture.

Construction began in 1324 continuously developed for 40 years & like many early Mosques, it was built on the site of a Sassanid Fire Temple. This Mosque with its high altitude, blue tiles & tall Minarets worked as beacons that can be seen from outside the town & enabled the travellers in the desert to find their way inside.

Inside, there is a long-arcaded court where, behind a deep-set southeast Ivan, is a sanctuary chamber which, under a squat tiled Dome, is exquisitely decorated with faience Mosaic: its tall faience Mihrab, dated 1365, is one of the finest of its kind in existence.

There is no more impressive gateway in Iran than this great soaring 14^th century edifice & Jameh Mosque is known for its incredible architecture.  Exquisite Calligraphy & Mosaic art have been used in abundance & the engrossing beautiful patterns & designs on the corners of the ceiling inside depict the holy name of Ali. The tile work has been skillfully restored & a modern Library built to house the Mosque’s valuable collection of books & manuscripts.

By the side of the Masjid-e Jame, along a side street to the right was the Vaqt va Saat (Time & Hour) Complex, now the Shrine of Rokn ad-Din, who was responsible for building the Complex. The Observatory, the Library & a Madraseh, have all vanished.

The view from the Dome shows the sun-baked roofs & wind towers of the city. The ideal time for taking photos is in the evening when the sun is setting & you can observe the unique scenic view of the Mosque’s azure blue tile works blend with the sun’s ray of range & red colors evanescent into distant horizons.

Other notable Islamic monuments in Yazd are the Seljuk shrine dedicated to the Twelve Shi'ite Imams, & the Ziaieyeh Theological School known as Zendan-e-Eskander, or Alexander's Prison. There are also many beautiful old houses in Yazd, among them the Dowlat-Abad Garden, with an 18^th century hexagonal house.

Next, visit the active Atashkadeh (Zoroastrian Fire Temple).

Yazd is also an ancient centre of Zoroastrianism, considered the world's first monotheistic religion. Seeking refuge from the invading Arabs, the Zoroastrians found a safe haven within Yazd's fortified walls. Zoroastrians have always been populous in the city & presently roughly 10 % of the town's population adhere to this ancient religion.

Though their original Atashkadeh was turned into a Mosque when Arabs invaded Iran, a dignified new Temple was inaugurated 1300 years later & is now one of the most significant landmarks of Yazd.

The brick Temple is located on a hill in a small fruit garden & is surrounded by evergreen trees & a large round pool in the courtyard, which offers a vivid reflection of the Temple for artistic photography. There is also a Photo Gallery & a water pool in the basement connected to Qanats (underground aqueducts supplying drinking water).

A couple of paintings, including that of Zoroaster, can be pointed out as another attraction of the place. There exists a winged figure atop the facade as well. This figure is the visual representation of the supreme god of Zoroastrians.

The pilgrims gather for the ceremonies & rituals but nobody apart form the Moubad (Grand Priest), supposedly a direct descendant of the Magi (Zoroastrian God), reciting the Avesta (holy book), has access to the chamber of Moubad-e Moubadan (Saint of Saints) where for the past 1500 years a Fire has burned in a bronze vessel enclosed in a glass enclosure. The ancient Flame has been kept alive throughout various centuries, relocations & continues to burn today, without a break.

The sacred Flame at Yazd Atashkadeh is considered to be the symbol of the God of Light & makes this the most important Temple attracting adherents from all over the world.

The Yazd Atash Behram (as the holy Fire of Victory is known) is one of 9 Atash Behrams, the highest grade of a Fire held within a Atashkadeh. The Fires are created from 16 “types” of Flames. This particular Flame is the only one located outside India & has burned since the reign of the Sasanian Empire.

Each day the Moubad ritually feeds the sacred Fire with dry wood several times a day, to keep it searing through. For this, the Temple & its surrounding alleyways are doused in the heavenly scent of incense & Boswellia each morning.

The Flame first flickered in the Pars Karyan Atashkadeh & then was relocated to the city of Aqda, where it burned for 700 years. The Fire continued to move around over the years before finally landing in its current home in 1934.

To enter this Temple during traditional Zoroastrian ceremonies, visitors must follow certain rules that are set into place to respect the Temple’s sacred soul. Men & women must alter their attire & wear white garments to get access to the viewing chamber. Non-Zoroastrians can enter certain areas only.

From here, you will proceed to Yazd Tower of Silence (Zoroastrian's Dakhmeh or Qaleh-ye Khamushan).  

Each ancient culture has its own customs & rituals about death. The name ‘Tower’ is misleading as they consist of huge circular walls on top of 2 hills. There are 3 impressive buildings remaining from several other similar structures on hilltops outside & in the immediate vicinity of the town where the bodies of the dead Zoroastrians would be brought to the foot of the Tower so that a ritual funerary ceremony could be held in presence of the relatives & friends of the deceased.

The body was then carried by the Priests into the Towers of Silence where it was laid on the flat stones on the ground thus avoiding that earth, water & fire, the divine elements to be contaminated, the soul of the defunct person having already been taken by Ahura Mazda.

According to a Zoroastrian tradition dating back over 3,000 years, once someone dies, their body can immediately be contaminated by demons & made impure. To prevent this infiltration, Zoroastrians purified the dead body by exposing it to the elements. Consequently, the bodies were arranged on the Towers in 3 concentric circles. Men were placed in the outer circle, women in the middle & children in the inner-most ring. The bodies were then left to slowly disintegrate & to be picked clean by the vultures.

The bleached bones were then thrown into a circular pit in the center of the Tower directly below. After the purification process, the bones were placed by the Priests in Ossuaries near or inside of the Towers. Ossuaries from these rituals have been discovered from the 4^th & 5^th centuries BC.

Similar Dakhmas (Towers) exist just outside of Mumbai, India, as well, although the most prominent “Towers of Silence” are in Iran.

As Iran developed & urbanized, Dakhmas became increasingly closer to city limits, severely curtailing their use. The custom largely disappeared throughout the Zoroastrian world around 50 years ago, at about the same time that the eternal Flame was transferred to the newly constructed Yazd Atashkadeh.

Since the 1970s, the use of Dakhmas has been illegal in Iran, forcing orthodox Zoroastrians to adapt to new burial methods & the community reluctantly moved to burying bodies beneath concrete to keep out all contaminants in the modern Cemetery at the foot of the Towers.

Although the Towers are no longer in use, some of the Towers & Ossuaries in the area, have been opened to the public. Beneath the hill, there are several other disused Zoroastrian buildings including a defunct well, 2 small Badgirs, a kitchen & a lavatory for the visitors.

Enjoy a sumptuous lunch in a quaint Teahouse.

Post lunch, visit one of the most iconic features of the city - an architectural wonder & illustration of the ingenuity of ancient civilisations.

Proceed to see the Tower of Dolat Abad in a building located inside the 18^th century Bagh-e Dowlat Historic Complex, a jewel of the city which has the tallest existing Windcatcher in Iran. These Wind Towers are seen all over Iran but are most highly developed in Yazd.

This is a complex built according to the original Iranian architectural style & consists of a large garden & some buildings, being watered by a Qanat & until recently, it was used for the residence of the provincial Governor. Lattice doors & windows with stained glass patterns impart a pleasing sight to the Complex.

Iran has an extreme & arid climate and it can get very hot in daytime & considerably cooler at night. Long before electricity & air conditioning were invented, back in Persia, staying cool required ingenuity & Persian architects came up with an ingenious idea & so Windcatchers were designed & invented. Yazd, one of the largest cities in Iran, has a very hot & dry climate, perfect for this type of cooling device.

Many old buildings in Yazd were built with magnificent Windcatchers. Now, it is known as the “City of Windcatchers”. Windcatchers are a traditional Persian architectural design that creates natural ventilation in buildings. The basic design consists of a Tower that rises from a building below, with openings at the top.

Your visit here will show how the slatted Towers capture the slightest desert breeze, drawing it down to the lower level where it is cooled by passing over water & circulated through the house. Enormous Domes starting at ground level act as protective roofs for deep water-tanks built 6 metres below street level. People access these tanks by steep staircases.

Yazd is also known for having a large network of Qanats, which are underground channels that transfer water from a well to the surface. The Windcatchers & Qanats often worked together to create an amplified cooling effect.

Windcatchers work in one of 3 ways. The most common way is to cool the inside of a building. The Tower has openings that face the wind and “catch” it, creating airflow inside the structure. When used in combination with a qanat, air is drawn down into the qanat tunnel & comes in contact with the cooler earth & cold water. The cooled air is drawn up through the Windcatcher, which faces away from the prevailing wind - not only creating airflow, but also cooling the air.

In a windless environment, Windcatchers operate like a solar chimney, allowing hot air, which is lighter, to flow upwards & escape out the top of the Tower. Combined with thick adobe walls, Windcatchers are surprisingly effective & able to chill lower-level spaces. Windcatchers can still be found throughout Iran & in several other countries in the Middle East & Persian Gulf.

Check out the impressive City Walls & click a couple of photos, as you drive by. In ancient Iran, there were many types of public structures. The 12^th - 14^th Walls of Yazd city, which are still standing, are perhaps the most interesting, imposing & skillfully planned.

You can see some sections of the medieval Wall, fortified by a Moat, Towers & Barbicans, now buried deep within a town which has long since expanded beyond its old limits. These walls were built it is said, in 1119, rebuilt & extended during the 14^th century. In some places, they were 15 meters high, decorated with ornamental pieces like unglazed pottery.

Enough of these Mosques & Monuments. Now, we briefly visit another interesting place synonymous with the city - Yazd Water Museum located in a restored Mansion with a visible Qanat running underneath,

Yazd is famous for its Qanats (underground cisterns) & this Museum, one of the best of its kind, is devoted to the brave men who built them.

Qanats run through many of the wealthy old houses in Yazd (& other Iranian cities), collecting water in pools in the basements known as sardob. The Qanats (there are many running through each town) are the reason why the wealthiest districts are always closest to the mountains - to be closest to the freshest water. As the coolest part of the house, these rooms were often beautifully decorated. Several fine examples exist & can be seen in some of Yazd's old Mansions that have been converted into traditional hotels today.

The Museum offers, through a series of photographs, exhibits & architectural drawings, a fascinating glimpse into the hidden world of Waterways that have allowed life to flourish in the desert. It illustrates the 2000 years that Iran's unique Irrigation System has been in operation & describes the drilling of mother wells (which can reach a depth of 300 meters, such as the Qanat near Mashad) & the use of Water Distribution Clocks (precursor pf the Water Meters you have in your house, which they created 2,000 years ahead of us). These Clocks (basically a bowl with a hole in the bottom) helped to mark out the 15 - 20 minutes shares of water purchasable by householder or farmer.

An interesting item on display are the unique Uniforms of the Qanat builders, an early form of the modern Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) with padded cotton hats & white-coloured clothing that was both luminous in the dark & would act as a shroud in the event of a fatal accident.

The last stop before reaching the hotel is at one of the 12 historic Bazaars - definitely worth a visit. The most important ones are Bazaar-e Khan, Goldsmiths Bazaar, Panjeh Ali Bazaar. The Bazaars here are probably the best places in Iran to buy silk fabric, cashmere, brocades & cloth (taffeta & Yazdi shawl) with all the beautiful local designs, motifs, colors, the products which brought the town its prosperity since the time of the legendary Silk Route.

Yazd is also a good place for cakes & sweets (baghlava, qottab, pashmak), although quite a lot of the tempting delicacies on display are not actually made in the town.

Reach the hotel by evening & relax as your experience is not over yet.

Later in the evening, around 06.30 pm, accompanied by the Tour-guide, proceed to enjoy one of the most memorable nights of your life. 

Beside routine sightseeing of Mosques, traditional Houses or Bazaar, which all have their own specific characters, a night with poetry, passion, music & hilarious anecdotes of Mulla Nasrudin is an attractive option to end the day.

Proceed to an atmospheric traditional house which is conveniently located in the heart of the Old Town.

Shabneshini (Iranian Night Gathering) is one of Iran’s long-standing memorable traditions for Iranians. For Iranian families, night gatherings have certain customs that symbolise a family reunion.

Some of the physical elements of Shabneshinis are Korsi (a type of low table with a heater underneath it, and blankets thrown over it), natural snacks such as nuts & dried fruits, drinking tea, reading Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh & most importantly storytelling.

Persian Night is an interactive experience with a family in their home, where you will have the opportunity of becoming familiar with Iran’s traditional music & poetry of a legendary poet who had revitalized the Persian language & culture. You will become familiar with some of the customs associated with the Iranian ‘night gathering’. 

Since developing ‘written communication’ humankind has been able to transmit & preserve knowledge throughout the ages in the form of Literature & Poetry which can be considered as a integral aspect of the culture of nations.

On arrival, you are greeted with a healthy cold fresh traditional Persian drink. The 3 hour experience begins with playing Persian classical music. You will be fascinated with the live performance by one of the experienced & skilled musicians playing a Setar (a wood & string instrument).

Listen to classical Persian music & recitals of legendary poems & reading lines from the “Book of the King” which narrates stories about past Iran with its legendary hero (translated in English). The evening continues with the narration of a number of funny anecdotes of Mulla Nasrudin, a famous Persian character.

During short breaks, you will be served delicious & tasty Yazdi cake as well as flavorful aromatic bitter orange blossom tea.

Traditional Persian Night experience in Yazd is very authentic due to the experienced friendly & passionate Hosts. Moreover, you may enjoy friendly chats with the Hosts & with other guests of different nationalities who may be there, about Persian culture, customs & traditions.

Iranians are known as their hospitality & express their feelings & intense excitement of hosting, preparing a feast for their guests. Following this honorable tradition, your Hosts too, will prepare a real Persian banquet featuring both vegetarian & non-vegetarian cuisine. You will be served a delicious & wholesome 3 course dinner which includes Shooli Soup, Ghormeh Sabzi & Mast-o-Khiar.

The evening ends with a sumptuous meal showcasing traditional Persian cuisine followed of course, with the famous Yazdi Cake & tea with citrus aurantium flavor.

Transfer back to the hotel.

Overnight.  B D  

Very early in the morning, depart for Shiraz, one of the most important cities in the medieval Islamic world & the Iranian capital from 1753-1794.

Enroute, we will stop at some interesting places.

Stop at Passargadae, the original capital of the first great multi-cultural Empire in Western Asia.

The Achaemenid Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great, spanning the Eastern Mediterranean & Egypt to the Indus River, is considered to be the first Empire that respected the cultural diversity of its different subjects. This was reflected in Achaemenes architecture, which blended multiple cultures.

Pasargadae was the first dynastic capital of the Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus II the Great, in Pars, homeland of the Persians, in the 6^th century BC. It developed into a city of some significance until it was superseded by Darius I’s magnificent Palace at Persepolis.

Some people are destined to create, while others are destined to follow. Here lies a man who was both a creator & a visionary, laying the groundwork for human rights. Koroush (or Cyrus the Great), was a person whose futuristic & innovative viewpoints were amazingly ahead of their time. So much so that his ideas have been emulated & reproduced many times throughout history, even centuries & millennia later.

Particularly noteworthy vestiges in the 160 hactare Complex include the Palaces, Gardens, Mausoleum of Cyrus II & Tall-e Takht, an enormous unfinished platform built to one side of a natural hillock. Like the Acropolis in Athens, it may have been intended as a massive fortified plinth to hold Palaces & Temples. This was, in fact, realized later at Persepolis when Cyrus' successors built their Palaces on large plinths somewhat similar to Tall-i Takht.

There is also a royal ensemble of Gatehouse & Audience Halls - all outstanding examples of the first phase of royal Achaemenid art & architecture, an exceptional testimony of the Persian civilization.

King Cyrus built his Tomb here. With a total area of 3,427 square meters, UNESCO World Heritage listed Pasargadae Tomb built on a funerary platform, consists of a vast main Hall containing 30 white stone columns. The construction material consisted of a large number of black & white stones. There is a doorway on the north, east, & west sides of the hall. A winged figure with 2 wings pointing to the sky & pointing to the bottom, can be seen in the northern doorway. Whereas, the hands are raised to the sky in a praying motion. His Tomb was apparently built before his death & was meticulously guarded during the Achaemenid Empire.

“Mummify my body & bury me without a coffin because every part of my flesh & Persian soil coalesces.”

Did you know that when Alexander the Great conquered Persia, he ordered the restoration of Pasargadae & the Tomb of Cyrus the Great? He didn’t mean to stay in Shiraz, but out of awe & respect for the Persian king, Alexander ordered the Tomb to be restored & repaired, making sure Cyrus’ resting place is in good shape.

The only edifice in Pasargadae referenced in Greek texts & sources is the Tomb of Cyrus. On his military campaign to Achaemenid land, Aristobulus, one of Alexander’s colleagues, provided the earliest description.

Inscribed on the tablet found within the Tomb, as quoted from Alexander’s book Anabasis: O man, whoever you are & wherever you come from, because I know you will come, I am Cyrus, who won the Persians their Empire. So don’t begrudge me this sliver of earth that covers my skeleton.

The Nowruz (Persian New Year) & Cyrus the Great Day on the 29^th October to commemorate Cyrus, which are held in the vicinity of the Tomb, have long been celebrated throughout Persia. Evidence of the magnificent New Year celebrations held during the Achaemenid Empire has been found in Pasargadae.

After spending an hour here, hop on the vehicle & continue driving on the pre-modern highway to the next point.

Next stop will be at Naqsh-e Rustam, the ancient Necropolis houses the immense rock-cut Tombs of 4 Persian Kings.

The impressive Necropolis that stands as a reminder of the once famous & powerful Achaemenid Persian Empire, which thrived between 500 BC & 330 BC when it was defeated by Alexander the Great. The Complex has been somewhat overshadowed by the nearby ancient capital of Persepolis, but this royal Necropolis does stand out as a magnificent example of the ancient Persian architecture & art.

The 4 Tombs holding the remains of Achaemenid rulers, are hewn into the rock at a significant height from the base of the hills & bear the resemblance of crosses, hence the site is locally known as the “Persian Crosses”. Only 1 Tomb has been identified with certainty - the great Persian King, Darius I. Archaeologists believe the other 3 Kings buried here are Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I & Darius II.

At the centre of the Cross, are openings leading to the chamber where the Sarcophagi may have been placed. In fact, it is not known whether the bodies were directly placed in a Sarcophagus inside or if the bones were collected from a Tower of Silence & subsequently placed in the Tombs, in the traditional Zoroastrian ritual.

Above the openings of each Tomb are carvings of royal figures being anointed by god-like creatures. Other rock carvings below the cross-hewn Tombs commemorate various battles that brought the Achaemenid dynasty to prominence. One carving actually seems to predate the Tombs, suggesting that this ancient site had been used by people even before the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

Aside from the Tombs, there is a building in the complex called Ka’ba-ye Zartosht, (Cube of Zoroaster) - a replica of the Zendan-e Solayman (Prison of Solomon) in Pasargadae. It was once thought that this structure was the site of a perennially burning fire common in Zoroastrian Temples, but the lack of ventilation suggests otherwise. Although there is currently no consensus as to the specific use of this structure, it is widely accepted that it served a religious function. On the walls of this building are relatively well-preserved inscriptions in 3 languages.

The tour concludes & you drive on to your final destination where you will stay for the night.

Arrive at the hotel in Shiraz by evening & Check-in.

Balance of the evening is at leisure to relax or independent exploration (we will be happy to offer suggestions & arrange for Optional activities).

One of the oldest cities of ancient Persia, Shiraz is set in a fertile valley once famed for its vineyards, which makes it a pleasant place to visit. 

Celebrated as the heartland of Persian culture for more than 2000 years, Shiraz has become synonymous with Education, Nightingales, Poetry & Wine. Known for Love & Literature & the origin of first illustrations of Persian Gardens, it is a unique example of hospitality & warmth of the Shirazi people.  A city of poets, Shiraz is the birthplace & home to the graves of Hafez & Sa’adi, both resplendently renovated, now major pilgrimage sites for Iranians. It is also home to splendid Gardens, exquisite Mosques & whispered echoes of ancient sophistication that reward those who linger longer. The marble Tomb of Hafez, honoring the revered Poet, sits within its own garden. To the east, the Mausoleum of Sa’adi houses the 13^th century writer’s mosaic-tiled Tomb & an underground pool.

Shiraz was one of the most important cities in the medieval Islamic world. The first capital of Fars, some 2500 years ago, was Pasargadae (located near Shiraz). It was also the Capital of Achaemenid King Cyrus, the Great. when many of its most beautiful buildings were built or restored. There is also Persepolis, the ceremonial 6^th century B.C Capital of his successor, Darius & his son Xerxes with its immense gateways, columns & friezes.  Today, only the ruins of these 2 Capitals remain. Estakhr was another capital of Fars, established by the Sassanians that lasted until Shiraz finally assumed the role of the regional capital. The earliest reference to the city, as Tirazis, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC.

In 1724 the city was sacked by Afghan invaders. Shiraz became Capital of the Zand dynasty (1750 - 94), whose founder, the Vakil (Regent) Karim Khan Zand, adorned the old city with many fine buildings, including his Mausoleum (an octagonal tiled kiosk, now a Museum); the Ark or Citadel (now a prison); the Vakil Bazaar & Mosque. Buildings in the new city include the Persian Church of St. Simon, the Zealot & the University (1945). Shiraz is still the Capital of Fars province & it bears many more historical & ancient attractions and old cities of Persian Empire showing the glory of a nation.

Farsi, the ancient language of Fars (Pars) has evolved to become the official national language of Iran, i.e. Persian. The city, a trading & road centre for the central Zagros Mountains, is linked to Bushire, its port on the Persian Gulf. It has Cement, Sugar & Fertilizer factories & Textile Mills. Traditional inlay work flourishes, as does weaving in the surrounding region.

It is also home to splendid Gardens, exquisite Mosques & whispered echoes of ancient sophistication that reward those who linger longer than it takes to visit nearby Persepolis, the area’s major tourism drawcard. During spring, the fragrance of flowers, especially orange tree blossoms fill up the air. The Gardens are extraordinarily beautiful & eye catching & you will have an amazing experience visiting the colorfully painted fabulous religious sites which mesmerizes the visitors. The amazing architecture of these attractions is what really fascinates.

In his 1893 book “A Year Amongst the Persians”, Edward Browne described Shirazis as ‘…amongst all the Persians, the most subtle, the most ingenious, the most vivacious’. And even in Iran, where regional one-upmanship is common, everyone seems to like Shirazis.

Overnight.  B D

Morning at 08:30 am, meet the Tour-guide in the Lobby & proceed for a full day sightseeing tour of the city of “roses & nightingales”, also known for its gardens.

Visit the pink tiled 19^th century Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque, one of Shiraz’s most famous buildings. The Qajar-era mosque, completed in 1888, is celebrated for its delightfully colourful interiors: the stained-glass windows, intricately painted tiles & arches and innumerable Persian carpets create a mesmerising, kaleidoscopic aesthetic which can’t fail to astound. Combined with rows of delicately carved pillars, each angle of this place of worship is more photogenic than the last. The gorgeously colorful porch is festooned with tiles of multitude of different colors, meant to relax all those who enter.

Not far is Shah-e Cheragh (‘King of Light’) Mausoleum, the picturesque resting place of 2 of the martyred brothers of Ali Reza, the 8^th Shia Imam.

Although killed by the Caliphate on this site in AD 835, the present-day burial site has been considerably developed. A dazzling Shrine was first erected over the Tomb during the 12^th century, but the courtyard with a fountain at its centre & the intricate blue mirrored tile work represent relatively modern embellishments from the late-Qajar period & the Islamic Republic. The bulbous blue-tiled Shirazi dome with dazzling gold-tipped minarets form a magnificent context for the Shiite rituals at this revered centre of pilgrimage, one of the prettiest Mausoleum in Shiraz.

The Museum next to the Shrine, houses an interesting collection of shrine-related objects, including some highly prized old Qurans upstairs & an exquisite door decorated with silver, gold & lapis lazuli downstairs.

Visitors are welcome to enter the courtyard (prescribed dress code to be followed) & to take discreet photographs (no large cameras or tripods), but entrance inside is restricted to Muslims only (non-Moslems can only see from outside).

Drive by (if time permits, you may go inside, at the discretion of the Tour-guide) the famed Bagh-e Eram (Eram garden), Shiraz University’s botanical gardens, in the northwest of the town, notable for its Cyprus trees, neatly trimmed hedges, rosebushes & the 19^th century Qajar Palace with its own reflecting pool. 

Next stop will be Musalla Gardens on the north bank of a seasonal river, that houses Hafezieh, the marble Tomb of Khaje Shams al-din Mohammad Hafez-e Shirazi, arguably the most loved & respected poet in the vast canon of Persian literature, attracting literature enthusiasts from around the world. Considered the master of the Ghazal (a short, amorous, rhyming poem), Iranians from all walks of life can quote his verses on demand. The 14^th century poet has profoundly influenced & continues influencing Persian poetry and invariably evokes admiration of his readers. His words, masterfully mingled with mystical concepts & embellished finely with oratory, have served as more than a collection of poems for Iranians during the centuries. His poems reflect the richness & a subtlety unequaled even by the other great talent, Sa’di.

Entering from the southern section, a pretty sour orange orchard (Narenjestan) with water streams & rows of flowers draws attention. The Tomb sits solemnly in the center. For 60 years, his burial place was a plain Tombstone. In 1477, Shams al-Din Mohammad Yaghmai, the minister of Gurkani court, built a domed vault with a pool in front of it. Much later, in the 18th century, Karim Khan-e Zand expanded the surrounding area and ordered a hall to be built in the middle of the garden. The current Mausoleum was designed in 1935 by a French architect Andre Godard, assisted by some Iranian architects. The Tomb features an open pavilion structure & a marble gravestone inscribed in Nastaliq calligraphy with 2 sonnets (verses) from Hafez’s book, surviving from Karim Khan's era (1751 - 1779).

The northern side of the garden houses a Library & a Bookshop which sells maps, art books, postcards. You can even enjoy the chance of having your fortune told, using 1 verse from the master piece, Divan Hafez. There is a cozy Teahouse where you can enjoy a cup of tea or rose water. The west side contains a cistern from Zand era, Qavam family crypt & several graves of famous Shirazi residents.

Drive on to the nearby Aramgah-e Sa’di (Tomb), less busy than that of Hafez.

The 13^th century poet Sheikh Mohammed Shams-ed-Din, simply known as Sa’di, was an important precursor to Hafez & is one of the most cherished ancestors of modern day Shirazis. Many of his pithy maxims have attained a proverbial status & he is widely praised for the enduring simplicity of his verse. Unlike Hafez, Sa’di traveled extensively in Iraq & Syria, where he was even taken prisoner by the Crusaders. Upon his return to Shiraz, Sa’di wrote his most famous works, Bustan (The Orchard) & the Golestan (The Rose Garden), which are written either in verse or in a mixture of prose & verse.

Set amid generous gardens of cypress trees, evergreens, bitter orange & roses, one of Shiraz’s several Shrines, housed in an open-sided colonnade built during the Pahlavi era, the present Tomb was built in 1952 & replaces an earlier much simpler construction.

From here, move on to the last stop, the Zandiyeh Complex, the most attractive cultural & historical district in Shiraz. The Complex encompasses Arg-e Karim Khani, Vakil Mosque, Vakil Bathhouse, Vakil Bazaar, Water Reservoir & Nazar Garden.

A Bazaar full of stores, a Bath House for getting clean, an exquisite Mosque for saying prayers, a Castle of the erstwhile King of Iran, a Garden a Water Reservoir & a Museum.

You will pass by the burly 18^th century Castle Arg-e- Karimkhani, resembling a medieval fortress, built by the founder of the Zand dynasty, Karim Khan, that dominated the city centre.

Having made Shiraz his capital, the Fortress was one of Karim Khan-e-Zand’s many ambitious construction projects in the city. Karim Khan invited the best architects & artists of the time and bought the best materials from other cities & abroad for the construction.

Spread over 12,800 square meters, it is the biggest & most important building of the Zand Dynasty & the design of the Citadel combines military & residential architecture as it was the living quarter of Karim Khan & the military center of the dynasty.

Lofty & rectangular, the high walls of the fortress feature ornamental brickwork & are punctuated by 14 meters high circular Towers (which were historically used as prisons). The southeastern Tower has a noticeable lean, having subsided into the underground cistern that served as the Arg’s bathhouse.

The rooms had beautiful decorations (most now destroyed) which is typical of buildings during that time.  There is a large tile depicting the scene of killing of the white devil by Rostam (a hero of Shahnameh, a masterpiece by Ferdowsi) at the entrance gateway of the Citadel. There are still operational fountains, flower, vegetable gardens & fruit trees. During the Qajar period, the Fortress was used as the seat of Prince Abdolhosein Mirza Farmanfarma, Governor of Fars Province. After the fall of the Qajar Dynasty, it was converted into a prison by the Pahlavi dynasty & the Paintings inside were plastered over.

There is not much to see inside the Arg except the shade of the many citrus trees in a courtyard, a dusty Museum with mannequins & filled with citrus trees & a trickling central pool.

Visit the main market place, the covered Bazar-e Vakil, one of the most atmospheric bazaars in Iran, especially in the early evening when it is fantastically photogenic.

Shiraz’s ancient trading district is comprised of several bazaars dating from different periods. The finest & most famous is the Bazar-e Vakil, a cruciform structure commissioned by Karim Khan as part of his plan to make Shiraz into a great trading centre.

Home to hundreds of shops & stalls selling carpets, handicrafts, spices, clothes & household goods & lots of other miscellaneous things you can buy as souvenirs at this tourist-oriented part of bazaar. Saraye Moshir at the center of the Bazaar, comprises of a series of stores selling jewelry & other silverware.

The labyrinthine wide vaulted brick avenues & arched ceilings are masterpieces of 18^th century Zand architecture, with the design ensuring the interior remains pleasantly cool in summer & warm in winter.

Wander around, soaking up the atmosphere in the maze of lanes leading off the main thoroughfares, stumbling across Teahouses, Courtyards, Caravanserais & the traditional Bathhouse.

The sightseeing ends & you are transferred back to the hotel.

Balance of the day is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around). 

Overnight.  B D 

Early morning, depart for Isfahan via Persepolis.

Stop at UNESCO World Heritage listed Persepolis (also called Takht-e Jamshid), one of the greatest successes of the ancient Achaemenes Empire as well as its final demise.

One of the great wonders of the ancient world, Persepolis embodies not just a grand architectural scheme but also a grand idea. Persepolis was the first capital of Fars, some 2500 years ago.

The ceremonial capital of the Achaemenian Empire of King Cyrus the Great & perhaps one of the country's most beautiful & spectacular archaeological sites surviving today. Darius I who, inherited the responsibility for ruling the world's first known Empire founded by his predecessor, Cyrus the Great, started constructing the great Metropolis to serve as a summer capital in around 512 BC. Subsequent Achaemenian kings, including Xerxes I, added their own Palaces over the next 150 years.  The Administrative Center of the Achaemenians was actually at Susa, shifting during the summer to Hamadan while Persepolis was reserved only for ritual celebrations. Persepolis stands on a limestone terrace overlooking the Marvdasht plain at the foot of the Kuh-e Rahmat, (Mountain of Mercy).

It was conceived by Darius the Great who, inherited the responsibility for ruling the world's first known Empire founded by his predecessor, Cyrus the Great.  Darius I started constructing the great metropolis to serve as a summer capital in around 512 BC. Subsequent Achaemenian Kings, including Xerxes I, added their own Palaces over the next 150 years.

The Achaemenid Persian Empire spanning the Eastern Mediterranean & Egypt to the Indus River, is considered to be the first Empire that respected the cultural diversity of its different subjects. This was reflected in Achaemenes architecture, which blended multiple cultures

Embracing tenets such as cultural tolerance & fair treatment of all subjects, Darius sought to reflect these concepts in the design of the magnificent complex at Persepolis, inviting architects from the furthest corner of the Persian Empire to contribute to its construction. The result is an eclectic set of structures, including monumental staircases, exquisite reliefs & imposing gateways that testified to the expanse of Darius' domain.

The striking point about its architecture is not only about how grand or detailed it is but how delicately it was influenced by the construction art of nations from around the globe. Tiles were brought from Babylon, precious stones from India, Cedrus wood from Lebanon and Lydians & Greeks worked together with Persians to raise hundreds of Columns to the sky. Although, it was the seat of the government of the Achaemenid Empire, the opulent construction was more reflective of it being a venue for Receptions, Festivals & Ceremonies.

In its heyday Persepolis was one of 4 key cities at the heart of an Empire that spread from the Indus River to Ethiopia. Its original name was Parsa & it only acquired its Greek name of Persepolis – meaning both City of Parsa (City of Persia) & Destroyer of Cities – after Alexander the Great’s army sacked the city in 330 BC.

Categorized among the world’s greatest archaeological sites, there are about 15 major buildings, including the Apadana, the Hall of Hundred Columns, the Gate House of Xerxes, the Treasury, the Harem & the private Palaces of the different rulers. The most important buildings were crowded onto a terrace of natural rock that rises over 9 metre above the plain on 3 sides & is adjacent to a low mountain on the 4^th side.

The Great Porch of Xerxes, flanked by winged bulls of stone, leads you into a massive ruined complex of royal Palaces, Reception Halls, Throne Rooms, Courts & Apartments covered with inscriptions & carvings.

There are remains of a number of Palaces. Some of the outstanding ones are Mirror, Apadana, Tachara which is the most striking with photogenic skilled relief work. Hadish Palace was completed by Xerexes & an unfinished one simple called Palace H.

Another Palace worth visiting (no name) is one with a 100 Columns which was burned down by Alexander. 3 feet of ash covered the floor in some places when it was excavated & many Columns are still visibly scarred by those flames which burned over 2,000 years ago. The ensemble of the city’s majestic approaches, monumental stairways, & annex buildings bear witness of unique quality & to a most ancient civilization.

The most majestic part of Persepolis is the eastern staircase of Apadana with stunning wall carvings showing rows of Persian nobles in formal clothing with headdresses that distinguish them from the Medes in round caps. Exquisitely carved bas-reliefs depict the representatives from all 28 subordinate nations under the rule of Achaemenid Dynasty, bearing gifts to their almighty ruler - Envoys from as far away as Ethiopia & Armenia, India & Cappadocia.

There are also Ossuaries in the nearby mountains where several Tombs pertaining to the Kings, had been dug intricately. The ancient city was buried years under dust & sand for 100s of years till being accidently discovered. The ruins are reflective of it’s once glorious & majestic past.

Today, the enticing spectacular glory of the ruins of Persepolis reveal both the glory of the Achaemenid Empire & the abruptness of its passing. In order to understand its magnificence & glory, visitors can just walk through the Gate of All Nations & observe the perfectly detailed drawings of the surviving pillars.

Somewhat surprisingly for a city of its size & grandeur, Persepolis is rarely mentioned by any name in foreign records, which focus instead on other Achaemenid capitals including Babylon, Ecbatana (modern Hamadan) & Shush. This has led some archaeologists to speculate that the existence of the city was kept a secret from the outside world.

After spending a couple of hours here, hop on the vehicle & continue driving on the pre-modern highway towards your final destination.

Arrive in Isfahan by afternoon & Check-in at the hotel.

Balance of the evening is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around). 

Isfahan is Iran’s top tourist destination for good reason. 400 years ago, Isfahan was larger than London, more cosmopolitan than Paris & grander, by some accounts, than even storied Istanbul. Elegant bridges crossed its modest river, lavishly outfitted polo players dashed across the world's largest square & hundreds of domes & minarets punctuated the skyline. Europeans, Turks, Indians & Chinese flocked to the glittering Persian court, the center of a vast empire stretching from the Euphrates River in what is today Iraq to the Oxus River in Afghanistan.

As the country’s 3^rd largest city is home to some heavy industry, including steel factories & a much-discussed nuclear facility in the outskirts of town. Inevitably, then, traffic jams are a regular occurrence. Despite these modern realities, the inner core of the city remains a priceless gem.

Isfahan's history is an epic cycle of fabulous boom & calamitous bust. Here a road traveling across the Iranian plateau east to the Mesopotamian plain meets a path connecting the Caspian Sea to the north with the Persian Gulf to the south. That geography linked the city's fate to the merchants, pilgrims & armies who passed through. Blessed with a pleasant climate - the city lies at nearly the same altitude as Denver and has relatively mild summers - Isfahan evolved into a bustling township at ancient Persia's crossroads.

"One could explore for months without coming to an end of them," marveled British traveler Robert Byron on his 1933-34 journey across Asia. In his 1937 travelogue The Road to Oxiana, he was slightly more geographically specific when he ranked ‘Isfahan among those rarer places, like Athens or Rome, which are the common refreshment of humanity’.

It would be another 2 centuries before Isfahan would rise again, under the reign of Shah Abbas I, the greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire (1501-1722 A.D.). Cruel as Russia's Ivan the Terrible, canny as England's Elizabeth I and extravagant as Philip II of Spain (all contemporaries), Abbas made Isfahan his showplace, after consolidating his control, he transformed the provincial city into a global metropolis, importing Armenian merchants & artisans and welcoming Catholic monks & Protestant traders. He was generally tolerant of the Jewish & Zoroastrian communities that had lived there for centuries.

Most remarkably, Abbas sought to establish Isfahan as the political capital of the first Shiite empire, bringing learned theologians from Lebanon to bolster the city's religious institutions - a move begun by his predecessors that would have profound consequences for world history.

The arts thrived in the new capital; miniaturists, carpet weavers, jewelers & potters turned out ornate wares that enhanced the Mansions & Palaces that sprang up along spacious avenues. He initiated one of the world's grandest experiments in city planning, moving the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598 where it remained until 1722. Mosques, Palaces, Bazaars & public Parks were built under the Monarch's personal supervision over the next 30 years. Its profusion of tree-lined boulevards, Persian gardens & important Islamic buildings gives it a visual appeal unmatched by any other Iranian city & the many artisans working here, underpin its reputation as a living Museum of traditional culture.

Abbas was a man of extremes. A European visitor described him as a ruler whose mood could quickly turn from jolly to "that of a raging lion." Abbas's appetites were legendary: he boasted an enormous wine cellar & a harem that included hundreds of women & more than 200 boys. He loved to roam Isfahan's markets, eating freely from stalls, taking whatever shoes on display suited him & chatting with whomever he pleased. "To go about in this way is to be a King," he told scandalized Augustinian monks accompanying him on one of his jaunts. "Not like yours, who is always sitting indoors!"

After a brutal siege shattered that golden age in the early 18^th century, new rulers eventually moved the capital to Tehran, leaving Isfahan to languish as a provincial backwater, which not incidentally left many of the old city's monuments intact. But, such is the city’s wealth & grandeur that it is easy to agree with the famous 16^th century half-rhyme ‘Isfahan nesf-e jahan, or (Isfahan is half the world).

During the last half of his extraordinary 42 year reign, which ended with his death in 1629, Abbas left behind an urban landscape that rivaled or exceeded anything created in a single reign in Europe or Asia.

The French archaeologist & architect Andre Godard, who lived in Iran early in the 20^th century, wrote that Abbas' Isfahan "is above all a plan, with lines & masses & sweeping perspectives - a magnificent concept born half a century before Versailles". By the mid-1600s, that plan had filled out into a city that boasted a population of 600,000, with 163 Mosques, 48 Religious Schools, 1,801 shops & 263 public Baths. The elegant main street was 50 yards wide, with a canal running down the middle, filling onyx basins strewn with the heads of roses & shaded by 2 rows of chinar trees. Gardens graced the Pavilions, which lined either side of the promenade called the Chahar Bagh. "The Grandees were airing themselves, prancing about with their numerous trains, striving to outvie each other in pomp & generosity," remarked one visiting European.

Visit one of the famous Tea-house (traditional restaurants) for a sumptuous dinner.

Overnight.  B D

Morning, meet the Tour-guide at 09:00 am & proceed for a 6 hour tour of the beautiful city of Isfahan, the 17^th century capital of the Safavids, referred to as Nesf-e-Jahan (Half of the World).

Walk through the huge UNESCO World Heritage listed Naqsh-e Jahan Square.

Four centuries ago, this Square, which is also called the Maidan, was the economic & political heart of a prosperous & largely peaceful empire that drew foreigners from around the world. "Let me lead you into the Maidan," wrote Thomas Herbert, secretary of the English ambassador to the Persian court from 1627 to 1629, which is "without doubt as spacious, as pleasant & aromatic a market as any in the universe."

Measuring 656 by 328 feet, it was also one of the world's largest urban Plazas of that time. But unlike vast concrete spaces such as Tiananmen Square in Beijing or Red Square in Moscow, Naqsh-e Jahan served alternatively & sometimes simultaneously as a marketplace, polo field, social meeting point, execution ground & festival park. Fine river sand covered the Plaza & vendors peddled Venetian glass in one corner & Indian cloth or Chinese silks in another, while locals sold firewood, iron tools or melons grown with pigeon droppings collected from special towers surrounding the city. Acrobats passed their hats, hawkers called out their wares in several tongues & hucksters worked the throngs.

A mast in the middle was used for archery practice - a horseman would ride past it at full gallop, then turn to shoot down an apple, silver plate or gold cup on top. Marble goal posts that still stand at either end of the square are reminders of the fierce polo matches at which the Shah on a heavily bejeweled mount often joined others dressed in fantastic colors & bold plumage.

Today the sand, merchants, hucksters & polo players are all gone, tamed by early 20^th century gardens. Yet the view around the Square remains remarkably unchanged. To the north is a great arch opening into the high vaulted ceilings of a snaking, covered marketplace that stretches nearly a mile.

The city's first recorded golden age is traced to the arrival of the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia in the 11^th century. They turned the town into their capital & built the magnificent Square leading to an enlarged 17^th century Imam Mosque, with its mosaic tiles & calligraphy covered dome & minarets.

Facing each other on the east & west sides of the Square are the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, with its pale brown & blue dome and the Ali Qapu Palace. That structure - dismissed by Byron as a "brick boot box" - is topped by slender columns that turn it into a regal grandstand; bright silk curtains once hung from above to block the sun. The 2 Mosques bend at odd angles to orient toward Mecca, saving the Square from a rigid orderliness, while 2 story arcades for shops define & unify the whole. Constructed between 1603 & 1617, with its exquisite 17^th century Persian tile work on the domed ceiling, it served as a private Chapel for the Imperial family. The domed ceiling has the finest faience tilework of 17^th century Persia. The inscriptions were executed by Ali Reda Abbasi, the greatest calligrapher of the Safavid period.

On the west side of the Square is the 16^th century Ali Qapu Palace, a charming Pavilion used to receive dignitaries & Ambassadors. Here the walls are covered with frescos & paintings and the superb wooden roof of the porch is painted with a series of geometrical decorations interspersed with flowers. It has enchanting music rooms & a balcony overlooking the Maidan, from where the Safavid Kings watched polo games.  The roof was waterproofed by covering the roof with a fresh layer of beaten eggs every year, the weight of which has caused many to collapse.

On the southern side, the towering portal of the Shah Mosque, a monument to the grand vision of Shah Abbas the Great who died shortly before its completion.

First stop will be at the beautiful Chehel Sotuni Palace, with its exquisite collection of frescos & paintings on tile.

Chehel Sotun means ‘40 pillars’ - the number reflected in the long pool in front of the Palace. The reflecting pool magnified the majesty of the ruler. Here Shah Abbas II welcomed dignitaries & Ambassadors. Today you are the guests of honor!

Built as a pleasure pavilion & reception hall, using the Achaemenid inspired talar (columnar porch) style, this beautifully proportioned palace is entered via an elegant terrace that perfectly bridges the transition between the Persian love of gardens & interior splendour. The 20 slender, ribbed wooden pillars of the palace rise to a superb wooden ceiling with crossbeams & exquisite inlay work.

The only surviving Palace on the royal precinct that stretched between Naqsh-e Jahan (Imam) Square & Chahar Bagh Abbasi St, this Safavid-era complex is reputed to date from 1614; an inscription uncovered in 1949, however, says it was completed in 1647 under the watch of Shah Abbas II. Either way, the Palace on this site today was rebuilt after a fire in 1706.

The Great Hall (Throne Hall) is a gem, richly decorated with frescoes, miniatures & ceramics. The upper walls are dominated by historical frescoes on a grand scale, sumptuously portraying court life & some of the great battles of the Safavid era - the 2 middle frescoes (Nos 114 & 115) date from the Qajar period but the other 4 are original. From right to left, above the entrance door, the armies of Shah Ismail do battle with the Uzbeks; Nader Shah battles Sultan Mohammed (astride a white elephant) on an Indian battleground; & Shah Abbas II welcomes King Nader Khan of Turkestan with musicians & dancing girls.

On the wall opposite the door, also from right to left, Shah Abbas I presides over an ostentatious banquet; Shah Ismail battles the janissaries (infantrymen) of Sultan Selim & Shah Tahmasp receives Humayun, the Indian prince who fled to Persia in 1543. These extraordinary works survived the 18^th century invasion by the Afghans, who whitewashed the paintings to show their disapproval of such extravagance. Other items, including Safavid forebear Safi od-Din’s hat, are kept in a small Museum.

The UNESCO World Heritage listed Palace’s Garden, Bagh-e Chehel Sotun, is an excellent example of the classic Persian garden. An ancient fallen pine resting on a plinth gives a sense of the great age of the garden. The polished noses of the lions on the standing water spouts at the head of the decorative pool hint at this being a favourite spot for a photograph of the Garden's perfect symmetry. Art students have set up a Calico Shop at the Garden's entrance selling Iran's popular printed fabric. On the far side of the garden is the Tomb of Arthur Upham Pope & his wife Phyllis Ackerman, Americans who were dedicated to the study of Persian art, history & culture.

Walk across the Square through the historic bazaar to the picturesque historical Khaju Bridge, constructed by Shah Abbas II in 1650. It is essentially a bridge superimposed upon a 436 feet long Dam & supported by 24 stone arches. There is a Pavilion located in the center of the structure, inside which Abbas II would have once sat, admiring the view. Today, remnants of a stone seat is all that is left of the King's chair. It also served a primary function as a place for public meetings & has been described as the city's finest bridge.

The tour concludes.

Return to the hotel or continue exploring on your own.

Balance of the day is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around). 

Overnight.  B D

Morning, meet the Tour-guide at 08.30 am & proceed for a 3 hour sightseeing, continuing where you left off in discovering this wonderful iconic city.

First stop will be the 17^th century Kelisa-ye Vank (Vank Cathedral also called the Church of the Saintly Sisters) & the Armenian Museum complex in the heavily Armenian populated New Jolfa district.

Proceed to the Armenian Quarter to visit the richly decorated Vank Kelisa-ye (Vank Cathedral) - the historic focal point of the Armenian Christian Church in Iran with its dome & walls covered with colorful paintings representing the story of Creation. The exterior of the Church may appear drab, but the interior is richly decorated & shows a mixture of styles - Islamic, Persian & Christian European. The delicate blue & gold painted central dome depicts the Biblical story of the creation of the world & man's expulsion from Eden. Right above the entrance, there is an interesting Fresco of Heaven & Hell with black & brown devils slaughtering white naked people who obviously sinned. To Heaven go the well dressed pious people with candles.

Those who are interested may visit a carpet shop to sip tea & admire Iran’s most valuable craft & art form. The Persian knot allowed the tight composition to create intricate Arabesques, geometric &d other floral designs. See both City & Tribal carpets. Unlike Arabic Islamic design, Shia Muslims took literally God’s commandment to know Him through His creation. Thus you find figurative art in all forms including tile, metalwork and carpets. Persians also developed natural - and lasting- dyes. Cobalt found in Isfahan was exported to China where it was used in the blue on ceramics known later by the British as ‘China’.

End the afternoon with a visit to the Hasht Bahesht (eight paradises) Pavilion & Park. It was built as an official court & a reception hall by Shah Abbas II (1647 AD). The ceilings are outstanding.

You may also be invited to a private gallery to visit with a famous miniature artist.

The sightseeing ends.

Return to the hotel or continue exploring on your own.

Balance of the day is at leisure to relax or for independent exploration (we shall be happy to offer suggestions, in case you want to walk around). 

Overnight.  B L D

Very early in the morning, depart for Tehran, enroute visiting Abyaneh.

Abyaneh is a wonderfully authentic ancient village near Kashan, which takes you back in time as it has kept its originality over hundreds of years - a living Architectural & Anthropological Museum. Set on the slope of the lofty mountain of Karkas (highest in the region), north of Isfahan, surrounded by beautiful valleys with numerous springs & ‘seasonal’ river flows, creating favourable conditions for agriculture.

Considering the evidence found in Abyaneh, it dates back to antiquity but its golden age was during the Safavid period. When the Arabs invaded Persia in the 7^th century, some followers of the Zoroastrian religion fled to the surrounding mountains & deserts to escape forced conversion to Islam. In a long & narrow Valley in the Karkas Mountains, the Zoroastrians is believed to have founded a string of villages & Abyaneh is one of the last surviving Village of the valley. The ruins of a Sassanid Fort can be seen & archeological excavations are still going on.

This ancient Red Village, 2235 meters above the sea level, has largely preserved its culture, language, architecture, costume & traditional rituals over the years, is also famous because of the beautiful reddish color of its soil, due to an unusual high level of iron oxide, which makes it even more distinguished. Red adobe mudbrick houses with lattice windows & fragile wooden balconies clinging to the slope, placed in a step-like structure, surrounded by beautiful mountains of the same colour, will be your first impression of the village.

The winters are freezing, but summers are refreshingly cool. The ancient Village faces east across a picturesque valley to maximise the sun it receives & minimise the effects of gales that blow in winter. However, it is extremely beautiful with the whitecapped mountains surrounding the Village, contrasting of the deep red clay & the white snow are magical.

Although Abyaneh is a popular year-round destination, it is mainly during the summer months that the Village is most lively, filled with tourists & residents returning after winter from different Iranian cities specially Kashan & Tehran where they have migrated to work. In recent years, Abyaneh’s permanent population has dwindled to less than 250 individuals, consisting of mostly old people. The main attraction in Abyaneh are the people.

The Village’s remote location & isolation have, however, helped preserve the culture & tradition of its founders. The locals have maintained the traditions, ceremonies & feasts, language & customs dating back to before Islamic times, attracting the attention of visitors. Many elderly residents speak Middle Persian, an earlier incarnation of Farsi, the language of Sassanian Persia, that largely disappeared some centuries ago.

The local clothing is another example of great antiquity. The women's traditional costume typically consists of a white long scarf with colourful printed or embroidered floral designs, completely covering their hair & shoulders. They also wear colourful dresses, along with a special pair of pants. In winter, a velvet vest is added to this outfit. Men’s traditional clothes consist of black vest & wide trousers.

Abyaneh’s most impressive building is the 11^th century Jameh Mosque, with its astonishing ancient carvings & a famous walnut-wood mihrab from Saljukian period. Other places worth a visit include the Zoroastrian Fire Temple, dating back to the Sassanid period, 3 Castles that protected the people from enemy attacks, a pilgrimage site & 2 other smaller Mosques.