Welcome to Enchanting Journeys

Middle East is a grand epic, a cradle of Civilisations & a beautiful, complicated land that is home to some of the Planet's most hospitable people. It is a geo-political region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran & Iraq. Here, history is not something you read about in books. It is a story written on the stones that litter the region, from the flagstones of old Roman roads to the building blocks & timeless Pyramids of ancient Egypt & the delicately carved Tombs & Temples from rose-red City of Petra to Persepolis. This is where humankind first built cities & learned to write & it was from here that Judaism, Christianity & Islam all arose.

From the soaring iconic Skyscrapers of Dubai to the ancient ruins of Palmyra in Syria, the region is a treasure trove of experiences waiting to be explored As you step into this fascinating region of ancient Wonders & vibrant Cultures, let the words of ancient intrepid Travelers, Poets & Dreamers guide you through an inspirational journey that transcends borders & speaks to the wanderlust in the heart of modern Marco Polos or Ibn Battutas & so many others who travelled on ‘land’ (we are not referring to the Seafaring Explorers). Wherever you find yourself, the past is always the ‘present’ because here, perhaps more than anywhere else on earth, history is the heart & soul of the land.

And Turkey is a land of vast open spaces, massive Mountain ranges, fertile Valleys & rugged Coastline with unfrequented scenic Beaches, fast - growing Cities & sleepy Villages with bustling neon-lit seaside Resorts. You will find a richly historical land with ancient wonders & some of the best Cuisine you will ever.

Arrive in iconic Istanbul, the largest Turkish city & a major Seaport that connects the East with the West.

After you exit in the Arrival Hall at Terminal? -  Istanbul Kemal Ataturk International Airport, subsequent to Immigration & Customs, you will be welcomed by The Journeys representative (holding a placard with your Name) who will ensure your comfort & transfer you to the hotel. He / she will provide assistance during Check-in & also discuss the program for the next few days & provide you with some useful tips for exploring the area on your own

If, for any reason you are unable to make contact with our representative within 30 minutes after you exit in the Arrivals Hall, please call the local Emergency telephone # listed on your Contact List. Please follow the advice given by our 24 / 7 Duty Officer.  Please do not exit the Airport & make your own way to the hotel.

Reach the hotel & Check-in & relax.

*Check-in time is 02.00 pm. For earlier arrivals in the morning, we will request the hotel for a complimentary early Check-in but cannot be guaranteed unless reserved & paid for ‘immediate occupancy’.

Balance of the day is at leisure or perhaps try one of the many Options available (we will be happy to offer suggestions & make arrangements). 

Living History | Art & Architecture | Culinary Heritage

The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names associated with different phases of its checkered history & respective languages. The most notable documented names besides the current Turkish name are Byzantium, Constantinople & Stamboul.

Istanbul’s strategic location has attracted many marauding armies over the centuries. The Greeks, Romans & Venetians took turns ruling before the Ottomans stormed into town & decided to stay - physical reminders of their various tenures are found across the City. The fact that the City straddles 2 Continents wasn't its only drawcard - it was the final stage on the legendary Silk Road linking Asia with Europe & many Merchants who came here, liked it so much that they, too, decided to stay. In so doing, they gave the City a cultural diversity that it retains to this day.

Capital of 3 Empires, Istanbul is an old city, you can see the remains of many ancient Civilizations & their culture in harmony with Turkish culture. The Old versus the New, the Traditional versus the Modern is a conflict a Visitor often observes. The City is full of contrasts & colorful views. Where the blowing winds from the 7 peaks of Anatolian Olympos on Asia & Europe merge into each other, where Amazon's cooled their bodies in the waves that break apart from the Black Sea & roll mightily against the shore, where love is symbolized in the Tower of Leandros, where stand the rocks of Symplegad that brought nightmares to the Argonauts. Where romance & traffic jam go hand in hand. Lively & exciting, a world Metropolis - that is Istanbul.

The conquering armies of ancient times tended to ransack the City rather than endow it with artistic treasures, but all that changed with the Byzantines, who adorned their Churches & Palaces with mosaics & frescoes. Miraculously, many of these remain. Their successors, the Ottomans, were quick to launch an ambitious building program & the magnificently decorated imperial Mosques that resulted are architectural triumphs that together form one of the world's great Skylines. In recent years, local Banks & Business dynasties have reprised the Ottomans' grand ambitions & endowed an impressive array of Galleries, Museums & Festivals for all to enjoy.

Istanbul is hot. And we are not talking about the weather. The City’s over-abundance of important historic buildings & exciting cultural options, provides Visitors with more than enough to see during the day, but it is at night that the place swings into high-velocity, mega-stylish action. Locals are flocking to see & be seen at an ever-growing array of Bars, Clubs & Restaurants, bringing with them an infectious sense of joie de vivre & a discerning ability to judge these places on their standard of service, drinks, music & food as well as their position in the what’s-hot & what’s-not stakes.

These days, there are more happening Restaurants, Bars, Galleries & Clubs around town than there are exquisite Ottoman Mosques.

The international Fashion & Design Press has been talking up Istanbul ad nauseam, but the most significant thing about the accolade ‘World’s Hippest City’ is that İstanbullus themselves have come believe it. The creeping sense of decrepitude that had fallen like a pall over their once-all-powerful home town has vanished, replaced by a sense of energy & innovation not seen since the days of Suleyman the Magnificent.

But, what about the food?' we hear you say. The Cuisine is as diverse as its heritage & delicious to boot. Locals take their eating & drinking seriously - the Restaurants here are the best in the country. For the sociable & family-orientated Turks, getting together & eating well is a time - honoured ritual.  You can eat aromatic Asian dishes or Italian classics if you so choose, but most Visitors prefer to sample the succulent Kebabs, flavorsome Mezes & freshly caught Fish that are the City's signature dishes, washing them down with the national drink, Rakı (aniseed brandy), or a glass or 2 of locally produced Wine.

The best thing about sampling Turkey's delicious specialties - ranging from Meze on a Mediterranean Harbour to a Pension breakfast featuring products from the kitchen garden - is they take you to the heart of Turkish culture.

That is not to say that the locals are turning their backs on much-loved ancient city institutions such as the rakı-soaked Meyhane (Tavern) or tranquil Cay Bahçesi (Tea Garden), because they wouldn’t dream of doing anything so foolish. They know, after all, that such institutions are one of the reasons that their home is - & always has been - rightfully dubbed the ‘City of the World’s Desire’.

Morning, you will meet the Tour-guide in the Lobby at 09:00 am & embark on a full day sightseeing tour of Istanbul.

Sitting at the crossroads of Europe, Africa & Asia, Istanbul has always been a Trading hub & the City’s Trade legacy can be explored at over 200 Markets, some operating weekly & others year-round, where you can find great bargains, fresh produce & of course, hidden treasures.

First stop will be at the center of Constantinople’s sporting & political heart - the Hippodrome, amongst the most attractive sites in Turkey, not far away from other attractions i.e. Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, Basilica Cistern, Topkapi Palace, Hagia Irene & the Turkish Islamic Art Museum.

The name is derived from the ancient Greek words ‘hippos’ (horse) & ‘dromos’ (course. The ancient Roman version, the Circus, was similar to the Greek Hippodrome, a Stadium for Horse & Chariot racing.  

The Byzantine Empire followed the Eastern Roman Empire that emerged after the 5^th century AD collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The Empire became influential, with a sophisticated Bureaucracy, strong Military & a rich Culture. The Byzantines faced numerous challenges throughout history, including invasions from foreign powers like the Persians, Arabs & Turks. Despite these challenges, the Byzantines held onto Constantinople for centuries, partly thanks to their impressive military & defensive capabilities.

To reflect the prestigious status & keep locals entertained, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus built the Hippodrome in 203 AD, but several other Emperors expanded & renovated it over the centuries. Such was the importance of the structure both to social society & to reflect Constantinople’s importance.

In 324 AD, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great decided to move the Capital from Rome & chose Byzantium as the site for his new City, which sat at the crossroads of Europe & Asia in the Bosporus Strait, adding to its position as a Hub for Trade & Commerce. He renamed the City with its heavily fortified walls & defensive structures as Constantinople.  

The Hippodrome was the centre of Byzantium's life for 1000 years & of Ottoman life for another 400 years & has been the scene of countless political dramas. The structure was made more grandiose by Emperor Constantine I as he carried out major renovations on the Hippodrome which was upgraded so that its newfound beauty would suit the status of the City. After the renovation, the Hippodrome estimated to be about 450 metres long & 130 metres wide & could house more than 60,000 spectators & was also used for other public events such as Parades, imperial Ceremonies, Military triumphs, Political demonstrations, public Shaming & Executions of ‘enemies’ of the Emperor.

To further elevate the popularity & status of the new Capital, Constantine brought Artworks from places all over the world & beautified the Hippodrome. As new Emperors came into power, more & more rare and unique structures were added to the already existing ones as each Emperor wanted to cement his name & public image by adding another element of magnificence to the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Some of these additions include the Walled Obelisk, the Status of Porphyrios, the Obelisk of Thutmose III, & the Serpent Column.

The Byzantine Emperors loved nothing more than an afternoon at the Chariot races & this rectangular arena alongside Sultanahmet Park was their venue of choice. In its heyday, it was decorated by Obelisks & Statues, some of which remain in place today. Re-landscaped in more recent years, it is one of the City's most popular meeting places & promenades.

Chariot races were a popular form of entertainment during the Byzantine Empire. Races were more than entertainment & reflected political & social life. 4 Factions participated in Racing - The Teams were Blues (Veneto), Reds (Rousioi), Whites (Leukoi) & Greens (Prasiniol) with their own Team of Charioteers, Horses & supporters.  The Blues represented Aristocracy & the Emperor, while the Greens related to ordinary people. The less popular Reds & Whites often aligned with one of the 2 major Factions. Each Faction's devoted followers had deep-rooted rivalries that sometimes became violent.

There were many formats of Races but the most popular, the Quadriga, involved Chariots with 4 Horses. The fast & dangerous Races saw Charioteers driving at very high speeds around the track, navigating sharp turns, avoiding collisions with other Chariots trying to overtake rivals & be the first to cross the finish line, but accidents, even deaths, were common. These Races usually involved 7 Chariots each & the Racers were divided into 4 different Teams, each of which tried to secure the win for its Rider.

These skilled Charioteers became famous for their prowess & winning brought prestige & influence. Teams were not just the mighty Champions of the Hippodrome but they often aligned with each other & gradually grew in power until they became a sort of Political Party that dabbled in the affairs of the Rich & Poor of the Empire equally.

The Reds & Whites gradually weakened in strength & as time went on, they were absorbed by the Blues & the Greens who had separate sectarian connections. Support for a Team was akin to membership of a Political Party & a victory had important effects on Policy. Emperor Justinian I of Constantinople was a Blue. 

The competitive Races meant winning was about great pride for Factions & supporters. Occasionally, Greens & Blues joined forces against the Emperor, as was the case in 532 AD when a Race was disturbed by Protests against Emperor Justinian's high Tax regime. The Nika (so called after the protesters' cry of Nika!, or Victory!) Revolt was one of the most violent incidents in the history of Istanbul. The results were devastating. The riots intensified, despite appeals from Justinian made from the imperial Box in the Hippodrome. Though initially contemplating fleeing the city, Justinian eventually ordered his General Belisarius to attack the rioters, resulting in the slaughter by the imperial forces. Over 30,000 people lay dead in the Hippodrome & throughout Constantinople & the Capital lay in ruins. Not surprisingly, the Races were banned for some time afterwards but later despite their popularity, Chariot races declined in the 11^th century as the Empire experienced political & economic decline.

Ottoman Sultans also kept an eye on activities in the Hippodrome. It served as a medium through which the Emperor met & engaged with the people & tapped into the heartbeat of the public. During races, people would often shout out their political demands to the Emperor who was always present at such Races. If things were going badly in the Empire, a surly crowd gathering here could signal the start of a Disturbance, then a Riot, then a Revolution. In 1826, the slaughter of the corrupt Janissary Corps (Sultan's personal Bodyguards) was carried out here by the reformer Sultan Mahmut II. In 1909, there were Riots here that caused the downfall of Abdul Hamit II.

A blend of ancient Roman & Turkish history, the Arena served functions other than hosting the sports activities that it was primarily built for. The King also flaunted his wealth & riches during these Races, occasionally giving out money & gifts to people during these gatherings. It was the center of the City's social life & was used for various occasions such as the lavish ‘circumcision’ ceremony of the sons of Sultan Ahmed III.

Despite the ever-present threat of the Hippodrome being the scene of their downfall, Emperors & Sultans sought to outdo one another in beautifying it & adorned the centre with Statues from the far reaches of the Empire. Unfortunately, many priceless Carvings by ancient Masters have disappeared from their original homes here. Chief among those responsible for such thefts were the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade, who invaded Constantinople, a Christian ally city, in 1204. The soldiers tore all the Plates from the Rough-Stone Obelisk, at the Hippodrome's southern end, in the mistaken belief that they were solid gold (in fact, they were gold-covered bronze). The Crusaders also stole the famous Triumphal Quadriga (team of 4 Horses cast in bronze) & placed it atop the main door of Venice's Basilica di San Marco. The Turkish Government created Replicas which are now located at the Hippodrome.

Constantinople never recovered from this sacking & even though the Byzantine Empire survived until 1453, by that time, the Hippodrome had fallen into ruin, pillaged by the Venetians who likely took the 4 Horses now housed in San Marco. Constructions of Ibrahim Pasa Palace (now housing Turkish Islamic Art Museum) in 16^th century & Blue Mosque in 17^th century damaged the Hippodrome. Subsequently, in mid 18^th century onwards, it was abandoned.

Now, coming back to ‘present’ go back in time 500 years when the Ottoman Empire was in power & imagine a place ruled by Games & Riots. It takes a bit of imagination to appreciate the Hippodrome - once a Stadium with seating for 100,000 - since there isn't much here anymore. Notably absent are the rows of Seats that once surrounded the Track & the life-size bronze sculpture of the iconic 4 Horses that once adorned the Stadium (the Venetians looted the Statues during the Fourth Crusade).

Inspite of some of its structures have been destroyed & gone missing over time, the Hippodrome of Constantinople is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Turkey today. You can still see several monuments that once decorated the central Podium.

Hear from the Tour-guide, how the immaculately preserved pink granite Obelisk of Thutmose III in the centre, was carved in Egypt during the reign of Thutmose III (r1549-1503 BC) & erected in the Amon-Re Temple at Karnak. Theodosius the Great (r379-95) had it brought from Egypt to Constantinople & erected on the Racing Track.  On all 4 sides of the marble Podium below the Obelisk, look for the carved reliefs of Theodosius, his wife, his sons, state officials & bodyguards watching the Chariot-race action, preparing to crown a Victor or accepting the homage of prisoners, from the Kathisma (imperial Box). The top section of the Obelisk has survived more than 3000 years & it is still in astonishingly good condition, at the original place it was erected.

South of this Obelisk, is a strange Column coming up out of a hole in the ground. Initially called the Tripod of Plataea, later renamed as Yılanlı Sutun (Serpent Column), it was originally cast to commemorate a victory of the Hellenic Confederation (Greeks) over the Persians in the Battle of Plataea, in the 5^th century. It stood in front of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (Greece) from 478 BC until Constantine the Great had it brought to his new Capital around 330 AD, to be erected in the middle of the Hippodrome of Constantinople.

The 8 metre tall Egyptian granite Column featured 3 bronze Snakes, with their Heads supporting a golden Bowl on the Tripod, to represent the 3 Greek Tribes that fought in the Battle. Though badly damaged in Byzantine times, the Heads survived until the early 18^th century. Now, only the Column has survived & is currently on display. Later, one upper jaw was discovered in a basement of Aya Sofya & is displayed in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum.

The Column symbolised Constantinople & a legend spread that anyone who touched it received good luck. Another legend claims the Snakes were alive & protected Constantinople from harm. The Column has undergone several restorations over the centuries. In the 18^th century, the Heads were replaced with new ones & in the 19^th century, the Column was reinforced with an iron rod. While the original golden Tripod & bronze Heads are now lost, the Column remains an important artefact from ancient Greece.

The 4^th century BC Horses of Saint Mark, also called the Triumphal Quadriga, are 4 ancient bronze sculptures created in ancient Greece. The sculptures depict 4 Horses in full gallop, placed on high pedestal in the Hippodrome, as part of a bronze Chariot group. They were taken to Italy, in the 13^th century after the Venetians sacked Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade & were placed on the facade of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, where they remained until the late 20^th century. These days, the Horses are kept inside the Basilica’s Museum.

The Status of Porphyrios was erected at the spine of the Hippodrome in honor of Porphyrios who was a legendary Charioteer with skill & excellence, who raced for both the Green & the Blue Teams during his lifetime in the 6^th century AD. He won many races & the locals of Constantinople adored him. Successful Porphyrios deemed as the best Charioteer of all time, retired young & lived comfortably & his legacy inspired Athletes & fans. However, he did not forget his love of Chariot racing & continued to support the sport throughout his life. Of all the 7 Statues in his honor, only the bases of 2 survived & are displayed in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

The 105 feet high Walled Obelisk, made of red porphyry & marble, was initially built by 4^th century AD Emperor Theodosius I but later, restored & fortified by the 10^th century AD Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. The structure resembled an ancient Egyptian Obelisk, with hieroglyphic inscriptions on its sides. The Obelisk was covered with marble slabs that encased the red porphyry structure to protect against damage from earthquakes & other natural disasters. Despite the name, the Walled Obelisk is not actually walled in but surrounded by a low railing & everyone can admire the intricate carvings & inscriptions. Today, the Walled Obelisk, Theodosius Obelisk & Serpentine Column still stand.

There is also a much more recent addition. Near the northern end of the Hippodrome, a little Gazebo with a beautiful neo-Byzantine stonework Fountain, commemorating German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II's state visit to Sultan Abdul Hamit II in 1898. The German government presented the Fountain to the Sultan & the Turks, as a token of friendship in 1901. The monograms on the Dome's interior feature Abdul Hamit's Tugra (calligraphic signature) & the first letter of Wilhelm's name, representing their political union.

The Hippodrome started declining after Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453 & it eventually fell into disrepair. The Square was later renamed Sultan Ahmet (Sultanahmet) Square in honour of Sultan Ahmet I, who commissioned the 17^th century Blue Mosque. These days, the Square is the most visited place in the whole of Turkey, attracting millions.

No other trace of the grand Stadium still exists - at least in situ, in the Square, the present Square largely follows the ground plan & dimensions of the once great Hippodrome. Marble fragments & bits of sculptures can be found in Museums. Nowadays, this civic Park carries on the Ottoman tradition in its name only, known as the Horse Grounds.

From here, walk to the Blue Mosque.

The 17^th century Blue Mosque (actual name Sultan Ahmet Camii) set next to the Byzantine Hippodrome & across from the Hagia Sophia, stands as an iconic testament to the grandeur of the Ottoman Sultans & is one of the most magnificent structures of the Empire. The culmination of 2 centuries of both Ottoman Mosque & Byzantine Church development.

Even though Westerners have called it the Blue Mosque, because of its more than 21,000 famous blue handmade Tiles from Iznik (Nicaea) that adorn the interior walls, Turks always use Sultan Ahmet Camii.

Known for having 6 imposing Minarets (rather than the standard 4) & for its many Domes & semi-Domes, the building became came to be known as the Blue Mosque for the color of its interior. Built between 1609 & 1616 by Sultan Ahmed I (ruled 1603 -17), in what was then the center of Istanbul, its construction took place on the foundation of the Great Palace & its position opposite Hagia Sophia (Aya Sofya) suggests that the Sultan intended the Mosque to rival the glory of the former Cathedral.

Sultan Ahmet I, ascended to Throne at the age of 14 as the 14^th Sultan of Ottomans. He was only 19 years old when he commissioned Architect Sedefkar Mehmet Aga to build this great Mosque & he showed his dedication to the construction by personally working as a labourer. He reigned the over the Ottoman Empire on 3 Continents, including parts of Europe, for 14 years but   he died young when he was 28 years old.

Mehmet Aga, a former student of the famous Ottoman Architect Sinan, ensured perfect proportions of its structure, with a goal was to surpass Roman Emperor Justinian's crowning achievement. Indeed, this favorable comparison was the intention of the Architect & at the behest of the Sultan, he created this masterpiece of Ottoman craftsmanship, starting in 1609 & completing it in just 8 years. Many believe he indeed succeeded in outdoing the splendor of Aya Sofya.

Mehmet Aga actually went a little too far though, when he surrounded the massive structure with 6 Minarets: this number linked the Blue Mosque with the Masjid al-Haram (Prophet’s Mosque) in Mecca - & this could not be allowed, religiously. So, Sultan Ahmet I was forced to send Mehmet down to the Holy City to build a 7^th Minaret for al-Haram & re-establish the eminence of that Mosque.

After the dark corners & stern look of the Byzantine Mosaics in Aya Sofya, this Mosque feels gloriously airy & full of light. From outside the Mosque, you can see the genius of Mehmet Aga, who didn't attempt to surpass the massive Dome of Aya Sofya across the way, but instead built a series of Domes of varying sizes to cover the huge interior space, creating an effect that is both whimsical & uplifting. Unlike the Hagia Sophia, however, the central Dome, 77 feet in diameter & 141 feet high, flanked by 4 semi-Domes surrounded by 8 cascading smaller Domes & supported by 4 large "elephant foot" Pillars, making it nearly Square in shape.

The most striking aspect are the Minarets marking the skyline of Istanbul & an impressive grand Courtyard, biggest of all of the Ottoman Mosques. Inside the Minarets, there are Stairs leading to the Balconies & originally 16 `Muezzins` made the `adhan` (call to Prayer) 5 times a day, simultaneously towards different directions. Today, with the use of current technology, a single person stands at the bottom of the Minaret & makes the same announcement which was made by 16 people, centuries ago & it remains a functioning Mosque today & can hold about 10,000 worshipers. It is open to Tourists during non-Prayer times.

Only after you enter the Mosque, do you understand the reason for its nickname. The stunning interior is covered with 20,000 shimmering blue-green ceramic İznik Tiles interspersed with 260 stained-glass luminescent Windows that allow daylight to flood in, with Calligraphy & intricate floral patterns painted on the Ceiling. Along with blue Tiles, there are also white, green & other colours. However, the dominant colour when entering, is obviously blue. The Tiles are richly decorated with floral patterns representing Earth in spring time as well as Gardens of Paradise, with Tulips, Rose, Carnation, Lily Flowers, Trees, & abstract Patterns.  Above the Tiles, the walls are painted with various Motifs, generally in a blue color.

İnterior space gives the feeling of interior area of a large Palace but it also has a mystical atmosphere.  Hand-made colourful Carpets, Chandeliers & Lamps, Desks with Qur’an Manuscripts on them, advance the magnificence of this religious place. The carved marble Minbar (pulpit) is positioned so that the Imam can be heard from anywhere in the Mosque.

The Sultan Ahmet died shortly after the Mosque was completed & he along with some of his family, is interred in the Turbe (Mausoleum) just outside the walls.

After spending an hour, marvelling at the Mosque interior & exterior, proceed to Topkapi Palace.

Topkapı Palace is the subject of more colourful stories than most of the world's Museums put together. One of the oldest & largest Palace on the Planet, it was the official & primary Residence for the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years. Libidinous Sultans, ambitious Courtiers, beautiful Concubines & scheming Eunuchs lived & worked here between the 15^th & 19^th centuries when it was the Court of the Ottomans, functioning as both an Administrative & Educational Center of the vast Empire. A visit to the Palace's opulent Pavilions, jewel-filled Treasury & sprawling Harem gives a fascinating glimpse into their lives.

Mehmet the Conqueror built the first stage of the Palace shortly after conquering Constantinople (Istanbul), Capital of the Byzantine Empire,  in 1453 & lived here until his death in 1481. Subsequently, about 30 Sultans lived & ruled from this rarefied environment until the 19^th century, when Sultan Abdulmecid I moved his Court to the more ostentatious European-style Dolmabahçe Palace he built on the shores of the Bosphorus. Over the centuries, Topkapi grew to include 4 Courtyards & quarters for some 5,000 full-time Residents, within its Walls.

Begin to experience the grandeur of the Palace when you enter through the Bab-us Selam (Gate of Salutation) or Bab-ı Humayun (Imperial Gate), passing by the ornately cobbled Square with its rococo-style Tulip shaped Fountain built in 1728 by Sultan Ahmet III.to reach the First Court known as the Court of the Janissaries or the Parade Court.  On your left is the Byzantine Church of Hagia Eirene, more commonly known as Aya Irini. Another structure is former Darphane-i Amire (Imperial Mint) constructed in 1727, which was named Currency Imperial Ottoman Administration.

The Middle Gate leads to the Second Court with a beautiful park-like setting, used for running the affairs of the Empire. Only the Sultan & his Mother (valide sultan) were allowed through the Gate on horseback. Everyone else, including the Grand Vizier, had to dismount & walk.

Unlike typical European Palaces, which feature one large building with outlying Gardens, Topkapı is a series of Pavilions, Kitchens, Barracks, Audience Chambers, Kiosks & Sleeping quarters built around a central enclosure.

The Kitchens on the right (east) as you enter, incorporate a dedicated Helvahane (confectionery kitchen). They hold a small portion of the Palace’ vast Collection of Chinese Celadon Porcelain, valued by the Sultans for its beauty but also because it was reputed to change colour if touched by poisoned food.

On the left (west) side of the Second Court, is the ornate Divan-ı Humayun (Imperial Council Chamber). The Council met here to discuss matters of State & the Sultan sometimes eavesdropped through the gold grille high in the wall. The room to the right showcases Clocks from the Sultan’s Collection.

North of the Council Chamber is the Outer Treasury, where an impressive collection of Ottoman & European Arms & Armour is displayed.

The entrance to the Harem is beneath the Tower of Justice on the western side of the Court. The visitor route through the Harem changes when rooms are closed for restoration or stabilisation, so some of the areas mentioned here may not be open during your visit.

As popular belief would have it, the Harem was a place where the Sultan could engage in debauchery at will. In more prosaic reality, these were the imperial Family quarters & every detail of life here, was governed by Tradition, Obligation & Ceremony. The word 'harem' literally means 'forbidden' or 'private'.

The Sultans supported, sometimes, as many as 300 Concubines. Upon entering the Harem, the girls would be schooled in Islam & in Turkish culture & language, as well as the arts of Make-up, Dress, Comportment, Music, Reading, Writing, Embroidery & Dancing. They then entered a Meritocracy, first as ladies-in-waiting to the Sultan's Concubines & children, then to the Mother of the Sultan & finally, if they were particularly attractive & talented, presented to the Sultan himself. The Sultan was allowed by Islamic law to have 4 legitimate wives, who received the title of Kadın (wife). If a wife bore him a son, she was called Haseki Sultan & if she bore him a daughter, Haseki Kadın.

Ruling the Harem was Valide Sultan (Mother) who often owned large landed Estates in her own name & controlled them through black Eunuch servants. Able to give orders directly to the Grand Vizier, her influence on the Sultan, on his Wives, Concubines & on Matters of State, was often profound.

The earliest of the 300 odd Rooms in the Harem were constructed during the reign of Murat III (r 1574-95); the Harems of previous Sultans were at the now-demolished Eski Sarayı (Old Palace).

The Complex has 6 floors, but only one of these can be visited. This is approached via the Carriage Gate. Next to the Gate is the Dormitory of the Corps of the Palace Guards, a meticulously restored 2 storey structure featuring swathes of magnificent 16^th & 17^th century Iznik Tiles.

Inside the Gate, is the Dome with Cupboards, the Harem Treasury where financial records were kept. Beyond it, is the Hall with the Fountain, lined with fine 17^th century Kutahya Tiles featuring botanical Motifs & Inscriptions from the Koran & home to a marble horse-mounting block once used by the Sultans. Adjoining this is the Mosque of the Black Eunuchs, which features depictions of Mecca on its 17^th century Tiles.

Beyond this Room, is the Courtyard of the Black Eunuchs, also decorated with Kutahya Tiles & behind the marble colonnade on the left are the Dormitories. In the early days, White Eunuchs were used, but Black Eunuchs sent as presents by the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, later took control. As many as 200 lived here, guarding the doors & waiting on the Women of the Harem.

At the far end of the Courtyard, is the Main Gate into the Harem, as well as a Guard Room featuring 2 gigantic gilded Mirrors. From here, the Concubines' Corridor leads left to the Courtyard of the Concubines & Sultan's Consorts. This is surrounded by Baths, a Laundry, Dormitories & private Apartments.

Across the Concubines' Corridor, is a room decorated with a tiled Chimney, followed by the Apartments of the Valide Sultan, the centre of power in the Harem. From these ornate Rooms, the Mother oversaw & controlled her huge 'family'. Of particular note, is the Salon of the Valide Sultan with its lovely 19^th century Murals featuring bucolic views of İstanbul & a pretty double Hamam dating from 1585, the gilded bronze railings were a later addition.

Past the Courtyard of the Valide Sultan, is a splendid Reception Room with a large Fireplace that leads to a Vestibule covered in 17^th century Kutahya & İznik Tiles. This is where the Princes, Valide Sultan & senior Concubines waited before entering the handsome Imperial Hall for an audience with the Sultan. Built during the reign of Murat III, the Hall was redecorated in baroque style by order of Osman III (r 1754-57).

Nearby is the Privy Chamber of Murat III, one of the most sumptuous Rooms in the Palace. Dating from 1578, virtually all of its decoration is original & is thought to be the work of Sinan. The restored 3 tiered marble Fountain here, was designed to give the sound of cascading water & to make it difficult to eavesdrop on the Sultan's conversations. The gilded canopied seating areas are later 18^th century additions. Entering through this Privy Chamber, are 2 of the most beautiful Rooms in the Harem - the Twin Kiosk / Apartments of the Crown Prince, dating from around 1600, with a painted canvas Dome in the 1 Room & the fine Iznik Tile Panels above the Fireplace in the 2^nd Room, with stained glass Windows.

Next door is the Privy Chamber of Ahmet III & an adjoining Dining Room lined with wooden Panels decorated with images of Flowers & Fruits painted in lacquer, built in 1705.

Past these Rooms is the Courtyard of the Favourites. Over the edge of the Courtyard, there is a large empty Pool & overlooking it, are tiny windows of the many small dark Rooms comprising the Kafes (cage) where Brothers or Sons of the Sultan were imprisoned. Adjoining it, is the tiled Harem Mosque with its baroque Mihrab (niche indicating the direction of Mecca).

From here, you can follow the passage known as the Golden Road & exit into the Third Court. Entering through the Gate of Felicity, this Court is Sultan’s private domain, staffed & guarded by White Eunuchs. There is an Audience Chamber, constructed in the 16^th century & refurbished in the 18^th century. Important Officials & foreign Ambassadors were brought to this little Kiosk to discuss Matters of State. The Sultan, seated on a huge Divan, inspected the Ambassadors' gifts & offerings as they were passed through the doorway on the left.

Right behind the Audience Chamber, is the pretty Library of Ahmet III, built in 1719. On the eastern edge of the Third Court, is the Dormitory of the Expeditionary Force, which will house the Palace's rich collection of imperial silver & gold threaded Robes, Kaftans & Uniforms.

On the other side of the Third Court, are the Sacred Safekeeping Rooms, sumptuously decorated with İznik Tiles, housing many relics of the Prophet. When the Sultans lived here, these Rooms were opened only once a year, for the Imperial Family to pay homage to the memory of the Prophet on the 15^th day of the holy month of Ramazan.

Next to these Rooms, is the Dormitory of the Privy Chamber, which houses an exhibit of Portraits of 36 Sultans. The highlight is a wonderful Painting of the Coronation Ceremony of Sultan Selim III (1789) by Konstantin Kapidagli.

Located on the eastern edge of the Third Court, Topkapı's Treasury features an incredible Collection of objects made from or decorated with Gold, Silver, Rubies, Emeralds, Jade, Pearls & Diamonds. The building itself was constructed during Mehmet the Conqueror's reign in 1460 & was used originally as Reception Rooms. It is currently closed for a major restoration & when it re-opens, it will display the jewel-encrusted Sword of Suleyman the Magnificent & the extraordinary Throne of Ahmed I (aka Arife Throne), which is inlaid with mother-of-pearl & was designed by Sedefhar Mehmet Aga, Architect of the Blue Mosque. You will also see the famous Topkapı Dagger, object of the criminal heist in Jules Dassin’s 1964 Film Topkapı. This Dagger features 3 enormous Emeralds on the Hilt & a Watch set into the Pommel. Also worth seeing would be the 86carat teardrop-shaped Kasikçi (Spoonmaker’s) Diamond, surrounded by dozens of smaller Stones, that was first worn by Mehmet IV at his accession to the Throne in 1648. There are 2 uncut Emeralds (each weighing about 8 pounds).

Fourth Court encompasses Pleasure Pavilions, including the Mecidiye Kiosk, built by Abdul Mecit (r 1839-61) based on 19th century European models.

Steps away, is the Head Physician’s Pavilion. Interestingly, the Head Physician was always one of the Sultan’s Jewish subjects. On this Terrace, you will also find the Kiosk of Mustafa Pasha. During the reign of Ahmet III, the Tulip Garden outside the Kiosk was filled with the latest varieties of the flower.

Up the stairs at the end of the Tulip Garden, is the Marble Terrace, a platform with a decorative Pool, 3 Pavilions & the whimsical Iftariye Kameriyesi, a small structure commissioned by Ibrahim I ('the Crazy') in 1640, as a picturesque place to break the Fast in Ramazan.

Murat IV built the Revan Kiosk in 1636 after reclaiming the City of Yerevan (now in Armenia) from Persia. In 1639, he constructed the Baghdad Kiosk with its superb İznik Tiles, painted Ceiling & mother-of-pearl & tortoiseshell inlay, one of the last examples of classical Palace architecture, to commemorate his victory over that City. The small Sunnet Odasi (Circumcision Room) was used for the Ritual that admits Muslim boys to manhood. Built by Ibrahim I in 1640, the outer walls of the Chamber are graced by particularly beautiful Tile Panels.

The Tour concludes & you proceed for Lunch (not included - direct payment).

Finally, enjoy the hustle & bustle of the famous Grand Bazaar, the world’s largest canopied Market with its 4,000 Shops on 58 Streets (city blocks). You will be astounded to know that this Market has been operating since the 14^th century. Stroll along peering into Shops known for Jewelry, hand-painted Ceramics, Carpets, Leather, Embroideries, Antiques, Evil Eyes Totems, naturel Olive Oil, Soaps, exotic Spices & Herbs, Turkish Coffee & Baklava, all with reasonable prices.

Depending on the time, you can also visit a Carpet shop / Factory & learn how Carpets are made by hand.

Return to the hotel by late afternoon.

Balance of the day is at leisure or perhaps try one of the many Optional activities (we will be happy to offer suggestions & make arrangements). 

Morning, meet the Tour-guide in the Lobby at 08.30 am & proceed to Eminonu Ferry Terminal in front of the Yeni Cami (New Mosque) on of the European side of Istanbul, to board a traditional Ferryboat for a 2.5 hour Cruise on the Bosphorus Straits.

Are you ready to feel the history of Istanbul - the Capital of 3 different Empires - Ottoman, Byzantium, Roman? Cruising on the Bosphorus is a great opportunity to see the living remnants of these Empires at the both Asian & European sides.

The Golden Horn, which forms an Inlet of the mighty Bosphorus, is one of Istanbul’s most important Waterways. Named after its characteristic horn-shaped course, the vast body of water has a long-standing history. It was once an important Port where the Trading Fleets of the Ottoman & Eastern Roman Empires were anchored.

Istanbul’s historical importance over many centuries is partly due to the Golden Horn’s natural protective Harbour at the Strait of Bosphorus. Its military & economic benefits enabled Empires to thrive. Today, the vibrant neighbourhoods along the Golden Horn attract Visitors with their many Museums, Churches, Synagogues, Mosques & other attractions.

The Poets of antiquity praised this Bay for its ethereal beauty, characterised by fragrant Tulip Gardens & mild surroundings. Flanked by the mighty Sea of Marmara & the historic Peninsula, the Golden Horn has been the scene of many wars, battles & conquests.

With the Old City at its tip, this body of water is home to many historical monuments, including the legendary Galata Tower, the venerable Old Galata Bridge & the glowing Suleymaniye Mosque, to name a few. The Golden Horn, with its sweeping views of the Coast, the subject of countless works of Art, is undoubtedly a moving hub of the Cty’s historical, cultural & political life.

From any part of the City, one can witness the Sunset in all its beauty & end the day from both Continents & 2 different Seas. But nothing compares to the great pleasure of watching the Sunset over both the Bosphorus & the Golden Horn. The glistening resplendent Sun dances on the tranquil water of the Golden Horn, as bright as ever before, and one step closer to what the Poets once described as “Sadabad” (or “place of bliss”).

A little further in from the water of the Golden Horn, Fener & Balat have been home to Orthodox Christian & Jewish communities for centuries & a walk through Neighbourhood will take you past children playing next to historical landmarks, under clotheslines strung between buildings & into a microcosm of cosmopolitan Istanbul. It is worth taking time to find out what makes these Quarters a true Turkish experience.

Sail through the cool water of Bosphorus to the Asian side of Istanbul. You can sense the history with intense emotions as you cruise amongst among the historical attractions in the open-air Museum illustrating the old & new face of Istanbul.

The shimmering expanse of the 32 km long Bosphorus Strait which joins the Sea of Marmara to the south with the Black Sea in the Aegean & Mediterranean to the north of Istanbul dividing the City’s European & Asian sides.

The Strait, spanned by 3 awe-inspiring Suspension Bridges including the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge which connects to Europe, has been of great importance in the economic & geopolitical context for centuries as the vibrant Bosphorus Waterway is a busy commercial shipping route connecting the coastal countries to the high seas. Yet, one that is also crossed constantly by Passenger Ferries & tourist Vessels.

Viewing this mesmerising City from seaside, aboard one of the many Ferries & Tour Boats that continually cross the Bosphorus, offers arguably the finest panorama, bringing to life Asian & European vistas on a shore that is lined with fabulous marble Palaces, ancient Castles, , stunning Mosques as well as fine centuries-old seaside Residences, wooden Villas & imposing public buildings from the Byzantine & Ottoman periods, as well as small Inlets & Fishing Villages as you head further away from the Metropolis.

You will get to see the Domes & Minarets of Old Istanbul, Leander's Tower (Kız Kulesi), the magnificent façade of Dolmabahce Palace, the sprawling new districts of Office Towers, Anatolian Fortress, Anadolu Kavagı, Beylerbeyi Palace, Maiden's Tower, Topkapi Palace, Hagia Sophia & many other historical monuments. 

You will see the Parks & imperial Pavilions of Yildiz Palace. On the coastal edge of this Park, is Ciragan Palace with its 300 meters of marble facade facing the shore.

Pass by Beylerbeyi Palace, the summer Residence of the Sultans, that exists in its original renovated glory featuring original antique Furniture & magnificent Gardens with the Harem on the Asian side.

Rumeli Fortress, one of the most beautiful works of Military architecture anywhere in the world, was built by Mehmet the Conqueror in 1452 prior to the conquest of Istanbul & completed in only 4 months to control & protect the infamous Bosporus Passage  

At Ortakoy, a symbol of tolerance with a Church, a Mosque & a Synagogue existing side by side for centuries, you may see a great variety of Artists who gather every Sunday to display their work along the Street.

You would also be passing though the City Walls of Istanbul, Halic - Golden Horn, Egyptian / Spice Bazaar (Misir Carsisi), Camlica Hill. Glance at the spectacular pieces of authentic civic architecture on both the shorelines at the same time. 

Before turning back, the Boat may stop at the incredibly beautiful 19^th century Kuçuksu Palace which served as a Hunting Lodge of the Ottoman Sultans.

Come back to shore, disembark & enjoy Lunch (not included - direct payment) in one of the many Restaurants on the Waterfront.

After Lunch, return to the Hotel to Check-out & continue with your sightseeing.

Proceed to Misir Carsisi (Egyptian Bazaar or Spice Bazaar), the 2^nd largest covered Shopping Complex after the Grand Bazaar. About a quarter of the size of the Grand Bazaar, Spice Bazaar smelling of exotic East fragrances, is an L-shaped covered Market filled with the aroma of Spices & other edibles. Lokum (Turkish Delights) are everywhere. Immerse yourself in the colourful sights of the Bazaar as you wander through the Stalls that feature lines of hanging dried Herbs & Fruits, boxes of brightly coloured spices, Nuts & a dozen varieties of Teas, Oils, Seeds & Plants.

The labyrinth of back Streets & Passages behind the Bazaar are also a delight to discover. With more than 4,000 Shops with each Street showcasing a particular Trade - e.g. Goldsmiths, Carpets, Arts & Crafts like hand painted Ceramic Plates, hand-honed Copperware, Brassware, Trays, Water Ewers, Onyx-ware & Meerschaum Pipes etc.  

Take a walk through the Stalls at Ferikoy Antique Market. This Flea Market with over 200 Vendors selling everything from Ottoman-era brass items to vintage European Jewellery. You can also find goods such as old Coins, Glassware, China, retro Radios & old Cameras. Also, lookout for nostalgic items, including Video Cassettes, Cassette Tapes, Posters, Books & even War Memorabilia.

Walk along Hasicilar Street to Tahtakale running along the Golden Horn to discover arcades & Shopping Plazas where locals shop for pots & pans, stationery, baby supplies, clothing & textiles, electronics, beauty products, toys etc.

In time, you will be transferred to Terminal? - Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen Airport for your flight to Cappadocia.

After you exit in the Arrival Hall at Terminal? - Cappadocia Nevsehir Kapadokya Airport, you will be welcomed by The Journeys Rep (holding a placard with your Name) who will ensure your comfort & transfer (Drive: 43 km) you to the Hotel in Cappadocia.  He / she will provide assistance during Check-in & also discuss the program for the next few days & provide you with some useful tips for exploring the area on your own

If, for any reason you are unable to make contact with our representative within 30 minutes after you exit in the Arrivals Hall, please call the local Emergency telephone # listed on your Contact List. Please follow the advice given by our 24 / 7 Duty Officer.  Please do not exit the Airport & make your own way to the hotel.

Reach the Hotel & Check-in.

Balance of the day is at leisure or perhaps try one of the many Options available (we will be happy to offer suggestions & make arrangements). 

Nevsehir used to be a small Village in the Anatolian plateau called Muskara until 18^th century, when the Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha decided to flourish his hometown by building several Mosques, Roads & Madrasas.

Today, the provincial Town is a regional Transport hub for the surrounding area, with an Airport & Cappadocia’s major Bus Terminal.  There is nothing wrong with the modern city, founded only in late Ottoman times (a mere baby by Anatolian standards!), although there have been Settlements here for at least 5000 years. It has got a Fortress on a hill & a nice Museum. In 2014, another gigantic Underground City was discovered beneath the hilltop Fortress. Excavation is still continuing, but it will be years before this discovery is opened to the public.

Those Troglodytes sure knew what they were doing when they decided to lay down their hats & call Cappadocia home. Deep in the heart of the country, they settled within the lunar-like landscape & burrowed their Houses & Churches into stone cliffs & their Cities underground. In so doing, they provided a still-cogent example of the simplicity & sense of living at one with nature rather than imposing upon it

Cappadocia was known as Hatti in the late Bronze Age & was the homeland of the Hittite power centered at Hattusa. After the fall of the Hittite Empire, with the decline of the Syro-Cappadocians (Mushki) after their defeat by the Lydian king Croesus in the 6^th century BC, Cappadocia was ruled by a sort of feudal aristocracy, dwelling in strong castles & keeping the peasants in a servile condition, which later made them apt to foreign slavery. It was later included in the 3^rd Persian satrapy in the division established by Darius but continued to be governed by Rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country & acting as more or less tributaries of the Great King.

After the ending the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great tried to rule the area through one of his Military Commanders - Ariarathes who was previously a Satrap of the region. He declared himself King of the Cappadocians (332 - 322 BC). A successful Ruler, he extended the borders of the Cappadocian Kingdom as far as to the Black Sea & the Kingdom lived in peace until the death of Alexander. Subsequently, the Empire was divided into many parts.

As if plucked from a whimsical fairy tale & set down upon the stark Anatolian plains, Cappadocia is a geological oddity of honeycombed Hills & towering Boulders of otherworldly beauty. The fantastical topography is matched by the human history here. People have long utilised the region's soft stone, seeking shelter underground & leaving the countryside scattered with fascinating cavern architecture.

The semi-arid Cappadocian Region located in the center of the Anatolia with its Valley, Canyon, Hills & unusual Rock formation, created as a result of the eroding rains & winds of thousands of years of the level, lava-covered plain located between the volcanic mountains Erciyes, Melendiz & Hasan as well as its troglodyte (cave dwellers) dwellings carved out of the rock & cities dug out into underground, presents an otherworldly appearance.

The eruptions of these mountains which were active volcanoes in geological times lasted until 2 million years ago. A soft tuff layer was formed, 150 meter in thickness, by the ensuing lava in the valley surrounded by mountains. The rivers, flood water running down the hillsides of valleys & strong winds eroded the geological formations on the plateau, formed with tuff layers, thus creating distinctive bizarre tall mushroom shaped, pinnacled, capped & conic shaped rock formations called ”Fairy Chimney” clustered around Monks Valley, Goreme & elsewhere.

This area with its usual topographic characteristics was regarded as sacred & called, in the Scythian / Khatti language, as Khepatukha, meaning "the country of the people of the chief God Hepat", although there are more poetic claims on the origin of the region's name, such as the Old Persian Katpatuka, which allegedly means "the land of beautiful horses".

Other notable sites include Bronze Age homes carved into valley walls & later used as refuges by early Christians. The 100 meter deep Ihlara Canyon houses numerous rock-face Churches. The fresco-adorned rock-cut Churches of Goreme Open-Air Museum & the sub-terranean Refuges of Derinkuyu & Kaymaklı are the most famous sights. The pre-historic Settlements of the area are Koskhoyuk (Kosk Mound) in Nigde, Aksaray Asikli Mound, Nevsehir Civelek Cave &, in the southeast, Kultepe, Kanis & Alisar in the environs of Kayseri.

The sub-terranean Cities in Cappadocia have become famous worldwide, just as much as the unusual Fairy Chimneys that characterise the landscapes in the region. It is believed that the underground cities were initially built during the 7^th - 8^th centuries BCE by the Phrygians, who carved their living spaces into the region’s soft volcanic rock. There are around 200 Cities in total in Cappadocia &  the most popular where entry is allowed by the government are Derinkuyu & Kaymakli.

The idea behind the sub-terranean Cities was to protect the inhabitants from foreign invasion, allowing thousands of people to live their lives in total secrecy. During the 14^th century, the Caves provided Christians with a safe haven from the threat of the Mongolians during the assaults on Timur. Even during the 20^th century, they enabled people to save themselves from persecution during the Ottoman Empire.

Before the Roman Empire accepted Christianity as the official religion, early Christians took shelter in these underground Cities to avoid persecution as Pagans.

It was not until 1923, after the population exchange between Greece & Turkey, that the underground Cities were completely abandoned & then, not rediscovered until 1963. The story goes that a Resident found a strange room behind a wall inside his house, & the rest is history.

These days the Cave dwellers are predominantly Tourists staying in Cave Hotels who have been drawn to this part of Turkey by its surreal scenery, wealth of ancient Churches & unparalleled opportunities for adventure activities. Where else can you float over the Fairy Chimneys in a hot-air Balloon in the morning, admire Byzantine Frescoes in the afternoon & sample fine Food & Wine at night? Let alone take a spectacular Hike through a rose-tinted Gorge, indulge in a frenzy of Shopping at a covered Bazaar dating from Ottoman times & see Dervishes whirl in an atmospheric Caravanserai. It is this mix of attractions that makes Cappadocia such a compelling tourist destination - there truly is something here for everyone.

Simply bedding down in one of Cappadocia's Cave Hotels is an experience in 21^st century Cave living without any hardship, unlike ancient times. Many dwellings & Fairy Chimney Chapels have been converted into boutique Hotels, where you can live the Troglodyte life in relative luxury with cave Hamaams (Turkish baths), rock-cut arches, walls patterned with volcanic colour-banding & panoramic terraces surveying the Valleys. You will quickly discover what the locals have known for centuries: the tuff rock keeps rooms cool in summer & warm in winter.

Whether you are wooed here by the Hiking potential, the History or the bragging rights of becoming a modern Troglodyte for a night, it is the lunarscape panoramas that you will remember. This region's accordion-ridged Valleys, shaded in a palette of dusky orange & cream, are an epiphany of a landscape - the stuff of psychedelic daydreams.

Let’s be clear, though. The true joy of Cappadocia doesn’t come courtesy of its wealth of Boutique Hotels, its spectacular Sunsets, its world-class Hiking or its warm & welcoming Locals. Instead, it stems from the fact that life still follows a village rhythm here, far removed from the wannabe jet-set lifestyle of the Mediterranean Tourist Resorts or the marvellous mayhem of Istanbul. This is a place to enjoy at your own pace.

Get up very early today & be ready to meet The Journeys Rep / Driver at 04.00 am & drive to the Launch Site for your exciting Balloon experience.

Cappadocia’s breathtaking landscape makes it a top global destination for Balloon flights. The standard 1hour flight is operated with Balloons carrying between 16 & 24 people.

Hot-air Balloon flights are weather dependent & may be cancelled if it is windy, rainy, or a storm is approaching in the immediate area. Pilots are aware of the Weather before taking off & can decide to cancel, if required. However, even while you are up there, sudden changes can still occur & the flight can experience Turbulence. The most common cause is Wind Shear, which is a change in the force & direction of the wind. In the event of Cancellation, Companies will offer a full refund or help you reschedule if staying for another day.

Otherwise generally, Balloon flights are considered a relatively low-risk so you can enjoy the ride without discomfort. But though rare, accidents can happen. Statistically speaking, driving a car is more likely to result in injury than flying in a Balloon. Since hard landings are the most common cause of accidents & on rare occasions, deaths, it is imperative to listen & follow the instructions given during the Safety Briefing.

While Balloons have the capacity to go up thousands of feet, the skilled Pilots in Cappadocia are adept at safely flying at different heights including low in the Valley, to enable you to get the best views of the geological details of the different rock formations. So, it is not necessary to climb too high off the ground. And, it is always much cooler up in the air than on the ground, so even in warmer months, consider wearing layers & a light jacket. Be sure to wear comfortable shoes since you will be standing on your feet for an hour +. It is a good idea to bring a Hat since you can usually feel the heat from the burner flame on your head.

On reaching the Site, enjoy a light Breakfast as you watch the Pilot & his Assistants inflating the Balloon, getting it ready for your flight. Volunteer Assistants are welcome to help so if you want to, you can. Then, you will carefully listen to the Safety Briefing which explains the basic Rules & Dos & Don’ts, to be strictly followed. And now, it is time to climb into the Basket & commence your adventure. The Take Off is gentle & you are ready to ‘shoot’ the picturesque Valleys.

Breathtaking views of the spectacular, surrealistic landscapes & the unique scenery, from the vantage point high up, certainly makes flying in a Balloon, an unforgettable experience worth the price.

Float through impressive Valleys, each with distinctive rock formations, colors & features and then gently drift up over rippled Ravines for views over the region. You will gently drift over & between Fairy Chimneys, Pigeon Houses hewn into the unique rock formations, Orchards & Vineyards.

While you are soaring above the deep Valleys of Cappadocia onboard your Balloon, close your eyes & listen to the sound of silence & peace You will have an unparalleled experience.

And then, it is time to come back to Earth. On landing, there is a small Celebration with a glass of Champagne. You will also be given an attractive Certificate certifying that you are one of the few who has been on a Hot-air Balloon flight.

You will be driven back to the Hotel around 08:30 am, in time for Breakfast, before meeting the Tour-guide & embarking on a day of exploration.

Meet the Tour-guide in the Lobby at 09.00 am & proceed to discover the ancient treasures of the northern Cappadocia.

First stop will be at the Uchisar Castle, the highest point of Cappadocia. Throughout history, the Castle was always the main point of defence for the Cappadocia region. It was erected in a strategic position perfect to see far into the Valley, allowing it to protect the area from invaders. Today, it is one of the most popular attractions in Cappadocia, noted for its breathtaking views & its unique architecture.  

These days, the narrow streets leading to the entrance is not lined with soldiers but local women selling their wares & tares as traditional Cappadocian souvenirs. The enigmatic ancient Castle stands as an iconic geological formation & historical marvel nestled in the heart of Cappadocia

Carved into the unique landscape of the region, this Fortress is not only a testament to human ingenuity, but also a window into the rich history of the area. From its geological origins to its strategic significance & cultural importance, it stands tall as a symbol of resilience & adaptation.

Even though the 10 minutes walk up to the Castle on the Hill, past cute Shops & Restaurants is strenuous, it is highly recommended to enable you to comprehend the size of volcanic Cappadocia. There are a few hundred Stairs going to the top but you will not get tired on the way as the breathtaking scenery will constantly encourage you to stop for pictures or just to admire the natural wonders of Cappadocia.

There are several other Castles in the region but, Uchisar Castle is the biggest & most popular. Riddled with tunnels, it was used for centuries by Villagers as a place of refuge when enemy armies overtook the surrounding Plains. In the past, people had also carved their homes into the outside walls of the Castle. The Caves are small & a large family would really have squeeze together.

Other inhabitants that are still around today are the mass of Pigeons, sitting in the coves carved into the Castle walls. Their droppings were collected daily, because locals believed them to be a good source of manure.

The exterior appearance is plain ugly, looking like a mass of rocks that were crassly carved in haste, but the construction was just keeping in line with traditions of Cappadocia throughout history & that was building homes and buildings out of the natural rock.

The Castle does not hold any antiques, ancient portraits of royalty or any example of outstanding architecture. The stone walls & floors are bare. There is nothing to look at. However, the prize is the astonishing panoramic view of the landscape.

Exploring the Castle, it is possible to walk through the Cave dwellings & the sub-terranean Tunnels, climb the steep Staircases to the top and enjoy panoramic & sweeping views of the surrounding area. There are several different paths to wander through Guvercinlik Vadisi (Pigeon Valley) so named for the Pigeons, the villagers traditionally raised in distinctive-looking cotes lodged in the walls of the Valley.

From here, you will drive down, a short distance away to Goreme, the main town of Cappadocia.

Cappadocia is indeed known for its early influence on the Christian faith. With its multiple Caves & other hiding places, Cappadocia became something of a refuge for early Christians fleeing persecution, during the Roman period, from the 4^th century onwards & Village of Goreme became an important centre of Christianity, primarily due to 3 important Theologians who lived here, known as the Cappadocian Fathers. Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus & Gregory of Nyssa, enormously impacted Christian Theology, specifically establishing the Doctrine of the Holy Trinity.

First thought to be a Byzantine Monastic Settlement that housed some 20 Monks, then a Pilgrimage site from the 17^th century, this splendid Cluster of Byzantine Artistry.

Surrounded by epic sweeps of golden, moonscape Valleys filled with astonishing Peribacalar (fairy chimneys) eroded rock formations, the small remarkable honey-coloured Village of Goreme, hollowed out of the Hills, in the historical region of Cappadocia, was formerly known by many names - Korama, Matiana, Macan, Avcilar, during various periods. It has long since grown beyond its farming-hamlet roots.

The new Christians soon came to the realization that tuff was a useful, malleable material & it was this human ingenuity that has given Cappadocia its magical aesthetic.

They set about digging & carving the soft rock into network of Caves, living Quarters, Stables & Storehouses & building huge sub-terranean Cities upto 18 stories & a depth of approximately 85 metres that could house around 20,000 people.

The malleable nature of the Rocks & Cones in & around Goreme, has meant that people have carved out Cave Homes here from at least the 3^rd century (may be, long before then). The earliest such Homes were probably simple Caves but by the 20^th century, most of the Houses (except those in single cones) had stone rooms built in front of the Caves for families to live in while the Caves in the back, were relegated to Stables & Storage.

The Houses were designed to suit a place-specific way of life, with Mangers for the animals cut from the rock along with Presses used to tread grapes & later to make Pekmez (grape molasses). Tandir Ovens cut into the floors doubled as Heaters. This was a way of life that continued right into the first decade of the 21^st century but came to an effective end as a result of the emergence of Tourism that saw almost all the Caves converted into Boutique Hotels by around 2015.

The Christians also carved thousands of Cave Churches, Chapels & Monasteries out of the Rock. These Church buildings brought the experience of early Christians to life in a new way & many of these Churches were decorated with frescoes of medieval Saints whose ghostly images still gaze down from the walls.

Today, there are still obvious signs of past habitation within the honeycombed network of man-made Rock Caves - the Stables with handles used to tether animals, walls with holes meant for air circulation & blackened walls that were supposedly once the Kitchens.

Very little is known about Goreme's history until modern times in part because it was a very small Settlement, away from the more travelled main roads linking Kayseri to Konya & the Mediterranean coast to Aksaray. The area is also thought to have been used as a Necropolis during Roman times by the inhabitants of Venessa (Avanos) & the Village contains several pillared Tombs believed to date back to Roman times. In Byzantine times, what is now Goreme was actually 2 separate but adjacent Villages: Korama where the modern open-air Museum is located & Matiana/Macan where the modern Village is, today.

The first written record of Matiana & Korama appears in the proceedings of the Council of Chalcedon in 451 which was attended by representatives of both the Settlements.

In the Manuscript “Life of St Hieron”, the patron Saint of Goreme, written in the 6^th century nevertheless refers to events in the 3^rd century & mention about Villagers living in Caves. Some of the simpler Cave Churches date from the 6^th & 7^th centuries, others later in 10^th & 11^th centuries which is also when many of the Frescoes describing the life of Jesus Christ & Monks, were painted.

In 1796, the first building Mehmet Pasa Konagi (Mehmet Pasa Mansion) was constructed in Goreme, although the true name of the original owner is unknown. The walls of its selamlik (men's room) & haremlik (women's room) are completely covered with Murals, those in the men's room featuring images of Constantinople Mosques & Landscapes, those in the women's room more domestic.

The first Western Writer to leave an account & drawing of Goreme was the French Archaeologist Charles Texier who passed through in the 1830s. In his travelogue in 1837, Sir William Hamilton referred to the Chapel of St Hieron in Goreme as Roma Kalesi (Roman Castle).

Once an agricultural Settlement, modern Goreme is now known for its flourishing Tourism industry, in particular for its hot air Balloon rides. It was discovered by the Tourists, seriously, only around 2000 & become the tourist Capital of Cappadocia.

Tourism brought wealth & a better standard of living to Goreme & it has completely changed, not just the use of the old Cave Homes almost all of which, have been converted into boutique Hotels but also the lives of the villagers, almost all of whom now work in Tourism. Many erstwhile Residents have moved to live in the surrounding towns & villages - Nevsehir, Avanos, Uchisar & Urgup, having sold their Homes, in addition to ecclesiastical structures connected to its early Christian heritage, for conversion into Hotels.

Although the central 'downtown' strip has suffered what can only be described as 'un-beautification' from a flurry of roadworks, which have partially concreted over the old Canal, in the back alleys Goreme's charm has not diminished. Tourists still have to stop for Tractors trundling up narrow, winding streets where elderly ladies knit on sunny stoops.

UNESCO World Heritage listed Goreme became an important centre of early Christianity in the Middle-ages & was a Bishopric administered by Mokissos near Aksaray in the 11^th & 13^th centuries. The Village also has the most painted fine rock-cut Churches with beautiful Frescoes, as well as Hermitages & Monasteries in all Cappadocia & its environs are often referred to as the "belief centre". In the 21^st century, these ancient remarkable Churches attract millions of Visitors.

There are 100s of Churches & Chapels but you will have time to see only a couple of the most important ones.

Goreme open-air Museum, 15 minutes walk (1.5km) from Goreme Village Center, encompasses a vast Monastic complex composed of scores of Refectory & Monasteries placed side-by-side, each with its own fine rock-cut Churches with beautiful frescoes (wall paintings) whose colors still retain all their original freshness. It is obviously the first sight to be visited by any traveler in Cappadocia, standing as it does in the very center of the region with easy access from all directions.  

The area forms a coherent geographical entity representing historical unity & presents unique examples of rock hewn architecture including rock-cut Tables, Benches, Frescoes technique & the area forms a coherent geographical entity representing historical unity. The Museum area is where the "educational system that unified all the ideas of Christianity" of St. Basil the Great & his brothers, was born.

Despite the vast number of Monasteries, Churches & Chapels in the vicinity, there are not many inscriptions bearing dates. Consequently, these religious buildings are mainly dated according to the iconography or architectural features.

Some of the more notable Churches & Chapels are :

The 6-7 storey rock mass to the left of the Museum entrance is the Convent of Monks & Nuns, known as "the Nunnery". The Dining Hall, Kitchen & some rooms on the 1^st floor, together with the ruined Chapel on the 2^nd level, can still be visited. The Church on the 3^rd storey, which can be reached through a Tunnel, has a cruciform Plan, a Dome with 4 Columns & 3 Apses. The Templon on the main apse is rarely found in Goreme's Churches. Besides the fresco of Jesus, painted directly onto the rock, designs painted in red can also be seen. The different levels of the Monastery are connected by Tunnels & "millstone doors", such as those found in the sub-terranean cities & were used to close off these Tunnels in times of danger.

The St. Barbara Church is situated behind the rock housing Elmali Church. The north, south & west arms of the Cruciform with 2 Columns, are barrel vaulted & the east corners are domed. Some Historians theorise that Byzantine soldiers carved out this 11^th century Church, dedicated to their patron Saint, who is depicted on the left as you enter. Look up at the Ceiling & note the red ochre motifs. Middle one could represent the Ascension. The Walls & the Dome are decorated in a variety of stonework motifs including geometrical patterns, mythological animals & military symbols painted in red directly onto the rock.

Past St. Barbara, the lane loops down to the 4 columned, 9 domed prominent Elmali (Apple) Church with its vivid colors, a groin-vaulted structure with cross-in-square plan, with a central Dome. The Church, contains beautiful 11^th & 12^th century well-preserved, colourful, professionally painted beautiful frescoes narrating scenes from the Bible & the life of Christ, the Hospitality of Abraham & Three Hebrew Youths as well as some simple red-painted Ornaments from the iconoclastic period.  The Ascension is pictured above the door while Christ Pantocrator is depicted on the central Dome. The Church's name is thought to derive from an apple orchard that that existed in front of the main entrance & gone a long time ago or from a misinterpretation of the Globe held by the Archangel Gabriel, painted on the 3^rd Dome.

On the highest point of the path, entrance to the stunning, fresco filled Karanlik Kilise (Dark Church) dating to the end of the 12^th century, the most famous of the Museum's Churches, is from the north through a winding Tunnel, which opens into a barrel-vaulted narthex. In the south of the narthex there are 3 Graves, 2 of which are big & the other, small. The Church has a Cross plan, the arms of the Cross having a diagonal vault. The Templon of the main apse has been destroyed.

It takes its name from the fact that it originally had very few windows & this lack of light, stunningly preserved the vivid colour of the frescoes on the walls, showing intricate scenes from the New Testament, among other things, of Deesis, Annunciation, Journey to Bethlehem, Nativity, Baptism, Raising of Lazarus, Transfiguration, Entry into Jerusalem, Last Supper, Betrayal of Judas, the Crucifixion & Anastasis.

Heading uphill you come to the Yilanli (Snake Church) also called the Church of St Onuphrius, where St George's ubiquitous dragon-foe is still having a bad day. To add insult to fatal injury, the Church got its current moniker when locals mistook the pictured Dragon for a Snake. It has a linear plan, consisting of 2 Chambers. The front section is barrel-vaulted, while the back one has a flat ceiling. The red ochre ornaments imitate hewn stone plait. Frescoes dating back to 11^th century, are painted directly on the Wall. Opposite the entrance, there is an image of Christ with a book in his hand & at his left, on both sides of a large Cross, are Emperor Constantine & Helena. Right next to it, the Killing of the Snake by St. George & St. Theodore is depicted. On the opposite wall, the hermetic hermaphrodite St Onuphrius is depicted holding a genitalia-covering Palm leaf, with a Sapling in front of him. Straight ahead, there is a small figure of Apostle Thomas next to Jesus & is one of the Church's financiers St. Basileios holding a Book in one hand & sanctifying with the other.

Heading downhill, the 12^th - 13^th century Carikli (Sandals Church) has s 2 columned Church (2 other Columns are in the form of Pllars), is cross vaulted & has 3 Apses & 4 Domes. The footprints marked in the floor, under the Ascension scene, representing the last imprints left by Jesus before he ascended to Heaven, give the Church its name, which means "with sandal". Although the Frescoes aren't as well preserved here, the colours are still vivid & they depict the life of Jesus, Hospitality of Abraham, images of Saints & Donors of the Church. Although it resembles both the Karanlik (Dark) & Elmali (Apple) Churches, the scenes with generally larger figures, of the Way of the Cross & the Descent from the Cross make this Church different from the others.

The center Dome houses a picture of Jesus the Pantocrator with the busts of Angels in the insets. On the central apse,it shows Deesis, on the north apse is Mary & Baby Jesus, & on the south apse, is a picture of St Michael. The 4 Gospel Writers are depicted below the central Dome & in the arch over the door to the left is, the Betrayal by Judas.

When you finally finish & exit the Museum area & if you have the time, cross the road to visit Tokali (Buckle Church) one of Goreme's biggest & finest Churches, with an underground Chapel & fabulous restored frescoes painted in a narrative (rather than liturgical) cycle.

The Complex made up of 4 main Chambers & the entry is via the barrel-vaulted Chamber of the 10^th century 'old' Chapel, with frescoes portraying the life of Christ. Behind it, is the barrel-vaulted single-naved New Church built less than 100 years later, having a rectangular plan with longitudinal axis. This rock settlement is divided with arches into 3 Sections. Containing the most important samples of paintings, the building has been decorated in various periods. The holes in the floor once contained Tombs of dead Greek Christians whose descendants departed during Turkey's Population Exchange with Greece.

In the Old Church section, the early 10^th century frescoes painted in bands of rich red & green, represent scenes from the Bible. The indigo dominating the main Chamber frescoes in the New Church, is a feature discerning the structure from the others. Containing the most important samples of paintings, the building has been decorated in various periods.  Among all the rock Churches in Cappadocia, Tokali has the best paintings narrating the life of Christ in the most detail. The Church is decorated with the Infancy (childhood of Christ), Ministry & Passion cycles, with several episodes from the life of St. Basileios.

The 11 Refectories within the Goreme open-air Museum are an all-in-one testament to Byzantine life & wandering out of town, you will find storybook landscapes & little-visited rock-cut Churches whose architectural details & frescoes seem as alive today as they were when new, at every turn.  

Spend an hour here & then drive to Covusin.

Next stop is the small ancient abandoned old Greek Village of Cavusin, one of the oldest Settlements in the area, believed to date from Roman times, based on significant excavations in the area. It is separated into 2 parts; the new Town & the old Village.  

Cavusin, located about halfway between Avanos and Goreme, is surrounded by a Valley which becomes gradually wider, allowing extended farming. Until the 1920s, it had a mixed population with many Christian Orthodox families. The old Village, which was abandoned several decades ago due to rock falls, was all carved into the Hillside & the Residents lived in Houses which were cut into a massive rock wall. Now, the insides of many of the dwellings are exposed due to centuries of weathering & erosion.

They are covered in rubble & huge rocks and boulders, much of their former walls & various outer bits of the buildings. So, now from a distance you can look into a Church or what was once someone’s cozy little Cave Home. A winding narrow Path takes you to the top of the Village.

It is worthwhile climbing up there to see the Valley behind it and in the distance, one can see the pink pinnacles of Zelve Village & in the foreground, a group of spectacular Fairy Chimneys. Until the 1920s, Zelve was a mainly Christian village. Its inhabitants lived in houses which were cut into a group of pink rocks. In the 1950s it was abandoned by its Muslim population too.

Undoubtedly one of the most emblematic of Cappadocia, Old Cavusin is composed of a succession of Houses & other structures carved into the distinctive volcanic tuff mounds, with a string of doors & windows that were intended to provide light & ventilation to the inside of the Houses. Imagine the level of comfort & spaciousness enjoyed by the people who lived in them, though not without first going to great lengths to build them. Many of them are still standing in the Old Town & walking among them, despite the steep & winding terrain, offers a fascinating insight onto Cave architecture & how human beings have adapted to the surroundings.

Cavusin Valley leads through beautiful Paths & Passes with many impressive rock pillars, with many empty Cave dwellings & Carvings visible on the mountains on the side, to reach the Cavusin Village. It is possible to climb up to top of the Village through a small Path, where phenomenal breathtaking Cappadocia views, await you. On a clear day you can see the Red Valley on one side and Uchisar Castle on the other. The Village, built among large rocks, has a history dating back to the 1^st century AD onwards, during the Byzantine period, when early Christians persecuted by the Romans, escaped from Roman attacks & the first Christian Hermits arrived in Cappadocia

Many of these chose the region in general and Cavusin & Goreme, in particular & rest of precisely because of the tranquility & isolation it offered, after the difficulties of travelling through what was such a hostile territory at that time. They set to work digging & carving the volcanic tuff into Cave dwellings called Greek houses, where they could live & pray. Living spaces were built inside the Rocks to protect them from attacks.

During the Byzantine period, Christians lived freely but with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 11^th century, heralded a relatively stable period in the history of Cappadocia with the harmonious co-existence of different cultures & religions. Churches, Monasteries & Mosques were built & the foundation of the brotherhood were laid.

Gradually, however, the Christian communities dwindled, mainly after the final demise of the Eastern Roman Empire with the capture of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in the mid 15^th century. Even so, several Orthodox Christian families continued to live in the Cavusin until the 1920s, when there was a significant exchange of population between Muslim Turkey & neighbouring Christian Greece, after the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.

A tragic landslide in the 1950s forced the survivors to abandon their homes due to falling rocks & boulders & move to a safer place on the Plateau. Consequently today, despite the fact that Cavusin has retained the appearance that it had in medieval times, the structures in the old part of the Village are lifeless & the insides of the dwellings are exposed to natural erosions such as rain & wind. The ceilings have collapsed, leaving boulders & holes on the ground.

However, this doesn’t detract from their charm and adds a touch of mystery to any visit. In the center of the Village lies something truly remarkable. Step into a different world while visiting the centuries old Cavusin Church, the Crusader Church, the Church of St. Jean, the Church of the Three Crosses. You should absolutely have a look at frescoes & depictions of early Christianity.

Carved into Cavusin's craggy cliff face, there is also a beautiful Castle carved into a mountain, amidst a labyrinthine complex of abandoned Cave Houses, that you can wander through by climbing up the short cliff path that leads upwards from the village's tiny old Mosque.

Cavusin has many Churches but the 2 main ones are, the upper Church, the great Basilica dedicated to St. John the Baptist (located on the cliff above the village) & the lower Cavusin Church, commemorating a visit of the famous Cappadocian Emperor Nicephorus Phocas.

Marvel at the beautiful carved millennium old Cavusin Church located on the way from Avanos to Goreme. Though this Church is not that big yet, it is one of the best-frescoed in all of Cappadocia, an early example of exquisite Byzantium art, painted from the bottom to the top which is a nice introduction to the evolution of the Christian art.

The Church, also known as Nicephorus Phocas, after a former Byzantine Emperor, carved into the rock face of Cappadocia, attracts visitors with its ancient Artworks on religious themes & an intricate maze of Tunnels leading to its 10 carved Rooms, spread across 3 Stories.

Walking through the Rooms of the Cave, will give you an idea of its size. The original Tunnels connect some of the Rooms, while modern Staircases provide access to others. The Rooms feature well-preserved Paintings that date back many centuries, depicting the religious figures of Angels & Disciples. Note the array of colors in the frescoes & gaze up at the ceiling for remarkable painting of Christ & the Apostles. The Collection includes Joseph’s Dream, Raising of Lazurus, Healing of the Blind Man & the Transfiguration, among other the biblical Imagery. Imagine the religious services that took place here a millennium ago.

Besides, there is a nice walking trail on the left side of the Church where you will see a few beautiful Fairy Chimneys. The Path is surrounded by Orchards owned by ‘new’ Cavusin residents, & you encounter them dealing with their Grapes.

Another popular attraction of Cavusin is the Church of St. John the Baptist believed to have been built in the 5^th century, is one of the biggest rock cut Cave Churches of Cappadocia. The Christians living in the Village prayed here, mainly. It had 3 entrances leading to 3 now almost separated Naves. In the old times, the Naves were only separated by huge columns, but later the spaces between them were filled with stones, probably due to the danger of collapsing. The framed doors & windows of 2 Naves are still in place while the rock closing the 3^rd Nave has collapsed.

It is hard to imagine that a huge structure like this Church can be carved into the rock so high, until one enters the Church. Even if the narthex of the Church has collapsed due to erosion of the rocks, the original building gives you an idea about the size of the Christian Monastery carved into the Rocks of Cavusin. However, the frescoes depicting scenes from the Bible, are hardly noticeable & in some areas, the ceiling is pure black.

There is a serene atmosphere, may be, due to its large size compared to other Cave Churches of Cappadocia. It originally had a large Courtyard which is unusual for Cappadocia. However, this has eroded away. It used to be one room, but in the 10^th century, supporting Columns were strengthened & elaborate mouldings, arches & 3 new Sections were added. As well as reliefs showing Crosses & Stars. Their style is more similar to Syrian Christian architecture rather than the Byzantine one. Located precariously place at the top of a hill, it is reached only by a shaky Footbridge, so visiting it may not be for everyone. Makes the Church, a perfect setting for an apocalyptic Film.

The spectacular Cavusin Castle is carved into the mountain but has collapsed partially, since it was abandoned in 1950′s. Walk along the Castle, passing few Vendors on both sides. Just after few meters in between of the Stalls, you will see broken steps leading up. Take this way & make your way up carefully.

Passing through the site, you will notice that some of the old Cave Houses are still inhabited. They may not have doors for example, but you will see couches, beds, kitchen & normal living spaces. It is crazy to think that people would still live there, especially when the danger of collapse is so high. Admire the breathtaking view from the top.

After an hour here, proceed for Lunch (not included - direct payment).

Later, proceed to learn about Turkish Pottery & take part in an interactive Demo where you can try your hand on the Potters Wheels.

The Red River was a huge source of Clay & consequently, Ceramics contributed a lot to the Empires Trade. There are 3 main types of Pottery/Ceramic - Earthenware, Stoneware & Porcelain.

There may have been creating Pottery for Trading at Iznik, where there were deposits of suitable Clay, as early as the 12^th century, but it was not until the late 15^th century that Pottery making gained prominence in Turkey. The chief centre of production became established in the city of Iznik.

The history of Avanos Pottery dates back to the Hittites, who ruled over all of Cappadocia. It is known that Avanos Pottery was once sold on Horses & Donkeys in the surrounding villages & towns. This tradition was carried on during the Ottoman period, even after the establishment of the Republic. For centuries, the town of Avanos has been prized for its handcrafted Vases, Pitchers & Pots, made using red clay from the banks of the Kizilirmak (Red River). The time-honoured art of Avanos Pottery making dates back to the time of Anatolia’s mighty Hittite Empire, one of Turkey’s oldest Civilizations.

Then, continue on to UNESCO World Heritage listed Pasabag (Pasha’s Valley in Turkish) also known as Monks Valley, is one of Cappadocia’s most beautiful attractions, as a popular spot for observing epic Fairy Chimneys & Cave dwellings.

Inhabited since ancient times, it is a stunning Valley filled with unique Rock formations, Caves & sub-terranean Cities. First people to inhabit Pasabag were the Hittites, who settled there in the late Bronze Age (around 1500 BC). They built a City called Hattusa, which was their Capital. The Hittites were a powerful people who had an advanced Culture & Economy & left behind many artifacts that can still be seen in the Valley today. 

The next major Civilization to inhabit Pasabag was the Romans, who arrived in the 1^st century BC & built several Settlements in the area, including a Temple dedicated to Apollo, the God of Light & Music. The Romans also constructed Roads & Bridges throughout the Valley, making it easier for travelers to get around. 

In the 7^th century AD, Pasabag Valley became part of the Byzantine Empire. During this time, several Churches were built in the area, including one dedicated to St. Nicholas of Myra (the Patron Saint of Children). The Byzantines also constructed fortifications around Pasabag Valley to protect it from invaders. 

In 1243 AD, Pasabag was conquered by Seljuk Turks who had migrated from Central Asia into Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). Under their rule, several Mosques were built in the area as well as other structures such as Caravanserais.

In 1517 AD, Pasabag Valley was conquered by Ottoman Turks who ruled it until 1923 when modern-day Turkey was formed after World War I. During this period, many new buildings were constructed in the area such as Schools & government offices. 

It is an area dotted with lots of limestone Fairy Chimneys which apparently provided hiding places for Monks in times past, mainly during the Byzantine period & during conflicts with neighbouring countries. It is also called Hermits’ Valley because so many went there to meditate, pray & lead a contemplative life.

You can also see how human beings have adapted these geological formations to meet their own needs, by transforming them into Monasteries, Churches, Chapels, Tunnels, Windmills & Homes, all carved into / from the natural rock.

Apart from the area’s unique & bizarre geological Mushroom-Shaped formations, there is a Chapel carved into the rock dedicated to St. Simeon, who is said to have lived in this region during the 5^th century. A rumour spread that St Simeon, who then lived in Syria, was performing Miracles. To escape all the people that came to him for advice & healing, he moved to a 2 metre high Fairy Chimney in Pasabag Valley. It appears that the Saint later built his home 15 metres above ground level & only came down to collect gifts of food & water brought by his followers. 

Cappadocia provided the seclusion & isolation which St Simeon was looking for & he inspired several followers. The soft volcanic rock provided the perfect material for anyone seeking seclusion & solitude, to hollow out a dwelling. Cappadocia's most famous examples of basalt-topped Fairy Chimneys, this small Valley, features 3 headed super-sized rock formations, a forest of tuff pinnacles that can reach a height of up to 10 metres.

Its quirky, conical geological formations, seems to have grown by magic from the soil of this amazing Valley. Here you can see one of the locations chosen for the filming of ‘Star Wars’, & discover many shapes of Chimneys. Legend has it that the unique shapes were made by Fairies who built their underground homes below the rocks - hence the name ‘Fairy Chimneys’.  An alternative (& more plausible) explanation is that millions of years of wind & rain erosion has worn down the soft volcanic tuff leaving the harder rock behind. Whichever explanation you choose to believe, the result is spectacular.

There are 2 other Valleys in Cappadocia to visit to see the Formations. Love Valley & Gorkundere Valley where the Chimneys are taller. The rock pillars rise straight up from the ground & are nearly as wide at the top as they are at the bottom, with a uniform colour, throughout, as it is a single type of rock.

Hermits cut up stairs to small shelters at the top of the cone shaped rocks, where they lived. Most only came down to collect offerings of food & drink from their followers. The number of Hermits living in the area is the reason Pasabag Valley came to be known as Monk Valley. The remnants of Cappadocia’s strong association with Hermits & Christianity can be seen from all the rock cut Dwellings & Churches across every Valley in the region.

At Pasabag, the Rocks are not as tall but just as interesting since they are shaped like Mushrooms. The trunks are wider at the bottom & the top is a much darker brown. In some areas you will also see rocks dividing into several conical shaped heads.

A cobble stoned road skirts around one end of Pasabag’s Chimneys. On the other end, you will find a sheer cliff. In between all the surreal rock formations, there are many Paths to explore. The best way to see the area is by aimlessly wandering the tracks.

Walking in between the Chimneys takes you to a rock-cut Dwelling & Chapel dedicated to St Simeon. It is possible to climb inside the the Chimney to see the Monk’s living quarters, decorated with Hellenic Crosses. A sign tells you not to enter but nobody seems to take any notice. Wooden steps lead to a Chapel where 3 iconoclastic paintings escaped the vandals; the central one depicts the Virgin holding baby Jesus.

In the surrounding area, there are a large number of Vineyards producing the Grapes that, since the time of the Hittites, has been made into a high quality internationally renowned Wines.

Today, Pasabag Valley is still home to many historical sites as well as natural wonders such as its unique rock formations & lush Vegetation. Also popular with those who come to explore its history & enjoy its breathtaking scenery.

After spending an hour at Pasabagi, learn about another traditional Craft synonymous with Turkey. Visit a Carpet Workshop to observe how Carpets are made by the Weavers.

Origin of handmade Rugs can be traced back to Central Asia in ancient times. Similar to Iran, Turkey produced & continues to produce today Rugs in multiple levels of sophistication - Nomadic, Village, City & Court. However, its development & techniques, Ideas & Trends continued evolving over time & with the Seljuk Turks spreading from Iran to Mesopotamia & Syria in the centuries, Turkish Rugs spread to the West.

Carpet weaving is one of the oldest professions in the world. In central Asia, people wove Carpets & Kilims in order to protect themselves from the cold climate. The art of Carpet weaving first started in central Asia. The oldest known knotted Carpet (3^rd century BC) originating from the Steppe region & attributed to the Huns, was discovered during an Excavation in the Pazyryk Valley, about 5000 feet up on the Altai Mountains in Siberia. Notably, this Rug boasts an exceptional level of craftsmanship, featuring an impressive 36,000 Gordes (knots) within a mere 10 square centimeters - a feat that has yet to be surpassed till today. It is now displayed in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.

While early Turkish Rugs stemming from the 16^th century favored the popular design of an arch at one end of the field indicating the direction of Mecca for the faithful, the best-known Rugs today belong to Anatolian, Sivas, Oushak, Hereke & Kayseri genre. Natural abrash gradations authenticate these Turkish rugs while their colorful hues & intricately realized medallions make them a top-choice to enrich & centralize a room. From the polished & royal Authentic Oushak collection to the tribal Caucasus Kula collection, handmade Turkish Rugs offer a wide choice to compliment any interior space.

Although Rug Centers & highly praised Seljuk Rugs are frequently mentioned in ancient sources, there are no examples of Turkish Rugs found to have survived from the Great Seljuk period. And this disappearance of Rugs & Textile products of the Great Seljuks, can be attributed to Mongol invasion.

But depictions can be seen in the Miniatures of 12^th - 14^th century, considered as the most important source for recognizing Seljuk Rugs, indicating that Rug weaving was a very important branch of art in the Seljuks. It also reveals that there was an established & developed knotted rug tradition & that Seljuk Rug Art was a solid foundation for continuous developments & evolution.

Some of the of the 13^th century Miniatures showing Poet Hariri's Makamat (Meetings) displayed in the Istanbul Suleymaniye Library & at Bibliotheqe Nationale Museum in Paris, are important examples of Seljuk Rugs.

Turkish Rugs continued to be an important feature of traditional Ottoman Culture & Rug Weaving continued its importance in Anatolia during the period of the Principalities that came after the Anatolian Seljuks. Carpets produced in this period are called "Principals Period Rugs" or 14^th - 15^th century Anatolian Turkish Rugs.

They are also known as "Anatolian Rugs with Animal Figures" because they are usually decorated with animal figures. Famous examples are the "rooster rug" displayed in the Konya Ethnography Museum, the "Marby Rug" exhibited in Marby Village Church in Sweden & the "Ming Rug" in a Church in Italy.

During this period, Anatolian Rugs began to appear in the paintings of famous European Painters as well as in eastern miniatures. In the 14^th - 15^th century these Masters frequently depicted animal figured Rugs in their Paintings. During the Ottoman period, the principles of Seljuk Rug Art were followed in terms of technique & motif. 

Turkish rugs, which were first seen in the Paintings of Italian & Dutch & German Painters starting from 1451 to 16^th century. 

During the 16^th century, Turkish Rugs experienced a period of great flourishing & prosperity. Numerous Rugs were woven to cater to the demands of Mosques & Palaces, showcasing influences from the Ottoman architectural style in their intricate designs. Throughout history, Turks have traded with the cultures they have met & consequently, the Rug culture has constantly evolved.

Artisans within the Ottoman Palace wove Rugs known as Palace Rugs, which differ from Anatolian Rugs in that they utilize the Iranian knot, known as "sine".

Although the colors & patterns of Palace Rugs were largely influenced by Iranian styles, they gradually developed an Anatolian character over time. During the golden age of Turkish Rugs, they often featured naturalist patterns depicting popular Ottoman art themes of the time, such as Tulips, Hyacinths, Carnations & Pomegranate flowers.

Today too, Turkish Carpet weaving is carried on by hand-woven methods on intricate Looms. Turkish Rugs have a knotted, pile woven structure produced on hand looms, based on the weaving tradition that the Turks who migrated from Central Asia to Anatolia brought with them from their homeland. 

Carpet Weaving Workshop allows you to discover the Weaving techniques & the Loom working. If time permits, you “may” also create your own small design on Carpet .

Carpet weaving is a very meticulous process that can take years to complete. A Carpet consists of warp threads, which are stretched from one side to the other in a consistent pattern & weft threads that weave in & out. These are then knotted together by hand, resulting in the final product

Start your experience in the Weaving Room with a Master, explaining the process of how each Carpet (in Turkish, "halı") is created.  You will get to see first hand, how much time & skill it takes to make each Rug, as well as meet a few Artisans who have been practicing this Craft.